Attatchment

• What is attachment defined as in psychology?

  A strong reciprocal emotional bond
• What does reciprocity in attachment refer to?

  Both child and caregiver bond mutually
• How does reciprocity manifest in caregiver-infant interactions?

  Through mutual responses like smiling
• What did Brazleton et al. find about infants' ability to copy caregivers?

  Infants can copy caregivers as early as 2 weeks
• Why is reciprocity important for communication development?

  It teaches the child to communicate effectively
• What is interactional synchrony?

  Synchronization of interactions between caregiver and infant
• How do infants demonstrate interactional synchrony according to Condon and Sander?

  By synchronizing movements with adult voices
• What effect does interactional synchrony have on future communication?

  It leads to better communication as the child ages
• What type of observations were used in studies of reciprocity?

  Controlled observations
• Why is inter-rater reliability important in observational studies?

  It ensures accuracy and validity of findings
• What is a major issue with observing very young children?

  Uncertainty about the meaning of their actions
• What distinction did Bremner make regarding infant interactions?

  Between behavioral response and behavioral understanding
• What was the aim of Schaffer and Emerson's study?

  To identify stages of attachment development
• How many babies participated in Schaffer and Emerson's study?

  60 babies
• What method did Schaffer and Emerson use to track infant behavior?

  Interviews and diaries from caregivers
• What is separation anxiety in infants?

  Distress when the caregiver leaves
• What does social referencing indicate in infants?

  Looking at caregivers for guidance
• What did Schaffer and Emerson conclude about sensitive responsiveness?

  It is crucial for forming attachments
• How did the amount of time spent with infants affect attachment?

  Less time with sensitivity can form strong attachments
• What are the stages of attachment identified by Schaffer?

  Asocial, indiscriminate, specific, multiple
• What characterizes the asocial stage of attachment?

  Infants respond similarly to objects and people
• What happens during the indiscriminate attachment stage?

  Infants respond more to human company
• At what age do infants typically show specific attachments?

  7 months
• What is a key feature of the multiple attachment stage?

  Infants form attachments with multiple caregivers
• What did Schaffer and Emerson find about the strength of attachments?

  Attachments vary in strength and importance
• What is a limitation of Schaffer and Emerson's study?

  Lacks population validity
• Why is the sample size of 60 families a limitation?

  It reduces the strength of conclusions
• What is a concern regarding the self-report method used in the study?

  Accuracy of data collection may be compromised
• What is social desirability bias?

  Reporting to appear socially acceptable
• What is the asocial stage's limitation in terms of study?

  Cannot be studied objectively
• What did Bremner suggest about infant responses?

  Responses may not indicate understanding
• What percentage of infants formed a secondary attachment to their father?

  75%
• What does Tiffany Field's research suggest about primary attachment figures?

  Any caregiver can be a primary attachment figure
• What did MacCallum and Golombok find about children in non-traditional families?

  No difference in attachment compared to traditional families
• What societal expectations influence primary caregiver roles?

  Women are expected to be more caring
• What is a potential issue with research on primary attachment figures?

  It is socially sensitive
• What is imprinting according to Lorenz?

  Attachment to the first moving object seen
• What is the critical period for imprinting?

  First 30 months of life
• What did Lorenz's study with geese demonstrate?

  Imprinting occurs with the first moving figure
• What is a limitation of generalizing Lorenz's findings?

  Mammalian attachment systems differ from birds