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Psychology A-Level
Paper 1
Psychopathology
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Created by
Emma Duell
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Cards (89)
What is the definition of statistical infrequency in psychopathology?
Disorder is abnormal if >2
standard deviations
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How is statistical infrequency used in clinical diagnoses?
It compares with a
baseline
or 'normal' value
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How does statistical infrequency assess the severity of schizophrenia?
By noting its
1%
prevalence in the population
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What is a limitation of statistical infrequency in defining abnormality?
It assumes all abnormal traits are
negative
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What does the failure to function adequately definition suggest?
Abnormality
occurs when normal life is hindered
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Who proposed the failure to function adequately definition?
Rosenhan
and
Seligman
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What behaviors indicate failure to function adequately?
Not obeying
social norms
and causing
distress
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What is a strength of the failure to function adequately definition?
It considers the
patient's
perspective in diagnosis
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What is a weakness of the failure to function adequately definition?
It may label
patients
as 'strange' or 'crazy'
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What does the deviation from social norms definition suggest?
Abnormal behavior strays from
cultural norms
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What is a limitation of the deviation from social norms definition?
It varies
significantly
between different cultures
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How does cultural relativism affect the deviation from social norms definition?
It leads to
discrepancies
in
mental health diagnoses
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Who proposed the deviation from ideal mental health definition?
Jahoda
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What does Jahoda's ideal mental health criteria include?
Self-actualization
and
accurate self-perception
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What is a limitation of Jahoda's ideal mental health definition?
It sets
unrealistic expectations
for most people
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How does cultural relativism affect Jahoda's definition?
Self-actualization
may be viewed as selfish
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What are the behavioral characteristics of phobias?
Panic
,
avoidance
, and
endurance
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What physiological response occurs during panic in phobias?
Heightened arousal from the
sympathetic nervous system
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How does avoidance behavior impact daily life for phobics?
It severely limits their ability to function
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What occurs during endurance in phobias?
Patient remains exposed to the
phobic stimulus
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What are the emotional characteristics of phobias?
Anxiety
and unawareness of
irrationality
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What cognitive characteristics are associated with phobias?
Selective attention,
irrational beliefs
, cognitive distortions
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What is selective attention in phobias?
Focus on the phobic stimulus despite
anxiety
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How do irrational beliefs affect phobics?
They cause unreasonable
anxiety responses
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What are cognitive distortions in phobias?
Inaccurate perception of the
phobic stimulus
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What are the behavioral characteristics of depression?
Changed activity levels,
aggression
, sleep/eating changes
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What emotional characteristics are associated with depression?
Low
self-esteem
, poor mood, high
anger
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What cognitive characteristics are linked to depression?
Absolutist thinking
, selective attention to
negatives
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What are the main behavioral characteristics of OCD?
Compulsions
and
avoidance
behavior
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What emotional characteristics are associated with OCD?
Guilt
,
disgust
,
depression
, and anxiety
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What cognitive characteristics are present in OCD?
Acknowledgment of
excessive
and
irrational
anxiety
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What is Mowrer's theory on phobias?
Phobias are acquired through
classical conditioning
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What did Watson and Rayner demonstrate with Little Albert?
Fear association between loud bang and white rat
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How does operant conditioning maintain phobias?
Through negatively reinforced avoidance behaviors
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What is a strength of Mowrer's theory?
It explains acquisition and maintenance of phobias
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What is Buck's alternative explanation for avoidance behavior?
Safety is a greater motivator than anxiety avoidance
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What did Seligman suggest about phobias?
We develop phobias towards 'prepared' stimuli
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What is systematic desensitization?
A therapy to reduce phobic anxiety gradually
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What principle does systematic desensitization rely on?
Counterconditioning to learn relaxation responses
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What is the role of the anxiety hierarchy in systematic desensitization?
It orders situations from least to most
anxiety-provoking
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