Psychopathology

    Cards (89)

    • What is the definition of statistical infrequency in psychopathology?
      Disorder is abnormal if >2 standard deviations
    • How is statistical infrequency used in clinical diagnoses?
      It compares with a baseline or 'normal' value
    • How does statistical infrequency assess the severity of schizophrenia?
      By noting its 1% prevalence in the population
    • What is a limitation of statistical infrequency in defining abnormality?
      It assumes all abnormal traits are negative
    • What does the failure to function adequately definition suggest?
      Abnormality occurs when normal life is hindered
    • Who proposed the failure to function adequately definition?
      Rosenhan and Seligman
    • What behaviors indicate failure to function adequately?
      Not obeying social norms and causing distress
    • What is a strength of the failure to function adequately definition?
      It considers the patient's perspective in diagnosis
    • What is a weakness of the failure to function adequately definition?
      It may label patients as 'strange' or 'crazy'
    • What does the deviation from social norms definition suggest?
      Abnormal behavior strays from cultural norms
    • What is a limitation of the deviation from social norms definition?
      It varies significantly between different cultures
    • How does cultural relativism affect the deviation from social norms definition?
      It leads to discrepancies in mental health diagnoses
    • Who proposed the deviation from ideal mental health definition?
      Jahoda
    • What does Jahoda's ideal mental health criteria include?
      Self-actualization and accurate self-perception
    • What is a limitation of Jahoda's ideal mental health definition?
      It sets unrealistic expectations for most people
    • How does cultural relativism affect Jahoda's definition?
      Self-actualization may be viewed as selfish
    • What are the behavioral characteristics of phobias?
      Panic, avoidance, and endurance
    • What physiological response occurs during panic in phobias?
      Heightened arousal from the sympathetic nervous system
    • How does avoidance behavior impact daily life for phobics?
      It severely limits their ability to function
    • What occurs during endurance in phobias?
      Patient remains exposed to the phobic stimulus
    • What are the emotional characteristics of phobias?
      Anxiety and unawareness of irrationality
    • What cognitive characteristics are associated with phobias?
      Selective attention, irrational beliefs, cognitive distortions
    • What is selective attention in phobias?
      Focus on the phobic stimulus despite anxiety
    • How do irrational beliefs affect phobics?
      They cause unreasonable anxiety responses
    • What are cognitive distortions in phobias?
      Inaccurate perception of the phobic stimulus
    • What are the behavioral characteristics of depression?
      Changed activity levels, aggression, sleep/eating changes
    • What emotional characteristics are associated with depression?
      Low self-esteem, poor mood, high anger
    • What cognitive characteristics are linked to depression?
      Absolutist thinking, selective attention to negatives
    • What are the main behavioral characteristics of OCD?
      Compulsions and avoidance behavior
    • What emotional characteristics are associated with OCD?
      Guilt, disgust, depression, and anxiety
    • What cognitive characteristics are present in OCD?
      Acknowledgment of excessive and irrational anxiety
    • What is Mowrer's theory on phobias?
      Phobias are acquired through classical conditioning
    • What did Watson and Rayner demonstrate with Little Albert?
      Fear association between loud bang and white rat
    • How does operant conditioning maintain phobias?
      Through negatively reinforced avoidance behaviors
    • What is a strength of Mowrer's theory?
      It explains acquisition and maintenance of phobias
    • What is Buck's alternative explanation for avoidance behavior?
      Safety is a greater motivator than anxiety avoidance
    • What did Seligman suggest about phobias?
      We develop phobias towards 'prepared' stimuli
    • What is systematic desensitization?
      A therapy to reduce phobic anxiety gradually
    • What principle does systematic desensitization rely on?
      Counterconditioning to learn relaxation responses
    • What is the role of the anxiety hierarchy in systematic desensitization?
      It orders situations from least to most anxiety-provoking