After magma is formed

• Magma is a mixture of molten and semi-molten rock found beneath the surface of the Earth. Four parts: hot liquid base (melt) minerals, solid rocks and dissolved gases
• Rise to the Surface: The least-dense magma rises to the top, while the densest magma sinks near the bottom of the magma chamber . If the magma reaches the surface of the Earth, it is ejected by a volcano or other vent and is then called lava .
• Cooling and Solidification: Over time, the magma may cool and solidify to form a pluton or large igneous intrusion. If the magma is ejected onto the Earth’s surface as lava, it cools and solidifies to form igneous rock
• Formation of Sediment: The igneous rock undergoes weathering or breakdown to form sediment
• Lithification: The deposited sediment undergoes a processes that turn it into a rock
• Magma forms from partial melting of mantle rocks
• The factors that mainly affect in the formation of magma can be summarized into three: Temperature, Pressure and composition
• Metamorphism: If the sedimentary rock is buried, the heat and pressure of burial can cause metamorphism, transforming the sedimentary rock into a metamorphic rock
• Heat Transfer: Magma can also bring heat from the mantle as it rises up into the crust, raising the temperature of the surrounding crustal rock
• Intrusion into the Crust: It can force overlying rock apart and enter the newly formed fissures, cause blocks of rock to break off and sink into the magma chamber, or melt the rock into which it intrudes
• Decompression Melting: Magma can also form through this, which involves the upward movement of Earth’s mostly solid mantle to an area of lower pressure
• Transfer of Heat: Magma can be created when hot, liquid rock intrudes into Earth’s cold crust. As the liquid rock solidifies, it loses its heat to the surrounding crust, melting the surrounding rock into magma
• When gases escape rapidly, the gas bubbles will have a high pressure inside which will cause an explosive volcanic eruption
• Volcanic rock and ash provide fertile land which results in a higher crop yield for farmers
• Volcanic gases like sulfur dioxide can cause global cooling
• Volcanism refers the surficial discharge of molten rock (magma), including phenomena such as volcanoes, geysers, and fumaroles
• Driving forces:

  • Volcanism: thermal convection
  • Plutonism: Earth's heat concealed
• Metamorphism is a geological process that involves the transformation of rock type due to changes in pressure, temperature, and chemically reactive fluids
• Changes in Mineral Components: Protolith becomes unstable
• Changes in Texture: Recrystallization forming coarse-grained texture. Foliated is with banded appearance due to directional pressure
• Pressure and Temperature: Temperature facilitate growth of new minerals while pressure (differential stress) can lead to deformation
• Chemically Reactive Fluids: rich in water and CO2, facilitate transport of ions enabling chemical reactions