INORGANIC AND PHYSICAL YEAR 2

• sulfide - S2-
• nitride - N3-
• chlorate ions - CLO3-
• chloride - CL-
• nitrate - NO3-
• carbonate - CO3(2)-
• sulphate - SO4(2)-
• ammonium - NH4+
• zinc - Zn2+
• silver - Ag+
• exothermic reaction - increased pressure shifts equilibrium to the side with the fewest moles , decreased temperature is required to shift equilibrium t the forward position
• exothermic reaction - low temperature is required to shift equilibrium to the forward position
• catalysts do not effect the equilibrium a catalyst speeds up the rate of the forward and backwards reaction equally
• increased temperature in an endothermic reaction shifts equilibrium to the forward reaction
• decreased pressure shifts equilibrium to the side with the most moles
• s-orbital - spherical shape
• p-orbital - dumbbell shape
• ionic bonding - electrostatic forces of attraction between positive and negative ions . it forms a giant ionic lattice
• physical properties - of ionic bonding - high mp and be , when solid there are no delocalised electrons so charge is not able to flow . when molten however this will contain delocalised electrons that allow the flow of charge
• Electronegativity - the ability of an atom to attract the bonding electrons in a covalent bond towards itself
• shapes of molecules - describe how lone pairs repel more than bonding pairs , state the number of bonds and lone pairs ,
• Metallic bonding - strong electrostatic forces of attraction between positively charged ions
• first ionisation energy - the minimum amount of energy required to remove 1 mole of electrons . from one mole of atoms in the gaseous state
• Periodic trends - atomic radius , shielding and nuclear charge
• atomic radius - the larger the atom the further away the electrons . easier to remove electrons
• shielding - the more electron shells the weaker the attraction as there is increased shielding
• nuclear charge - more protons in the nucleus the larger the attraction
• magnesium hydroxide is sued as an antacid
• calcium hydroxide - is used in agriculture to neutralise acidic soils
• solubility of group 2 sulphates decrease down the group . to test for sulphate ions use barium chloride
• halogens - reactivity down group 7 decreases , oxidising power decreases , increased atomic radius , increased shielding , weaker nuclear attraction on the group
• benefits of using chlorine - kills of harmful bacteria . risk of using chlorine - can produce harmful carcinogenic chloroalkanes
• as we go down group 7 London forces increase
• Disproportionation reaction - where oxidation and reduction occur at the same time to the same species
• carbonate test - add nitric acid (HNO3) and heat, bubble of carbon dioxide produced
• sulphate test - barium chloride test where white precipitate is formed
• bromide test - add silver nitrate (AGNO3) cream precipitate forms
• halogens - use silver nitrate (AGNO3) ,

  chlorine - white precipitate

  bromine - cream precipitate

  iodine - yellow precipitate
• NH4+ - heat with NAOH , red litmus paper should turn blue
• enthalpy change of formation - the formation of 1 mole of compound from its elements under standard conditions