Mirrors

• Mirrors are a crucial part of our daily lives, serving various functions such as reflection, magnification, and illumination.
• The characteristics of mirrors include their orientation, type, and magnification of images formed by plane and curved mirrors and lenses.
• Convex mirrors form images behind the mirror, which are virtual, upright, and smaller than the object.
• Concave mirrors form images behind the mirror, which are virtual, upright, and larger than the object.
• The image distance and image height can be determined using the mirror equation and the magnification equation.
• The mirror equation is: 1 over focal length is equal to 1 over distance of object minus 1 over distance of image.
• The magnification equation is: height of image over height of object is equal to negative distance of image over distance of object.
• The image is laterally inverted if you face the mirror and raise your right hand, or if you try to blink your right eye in front of the mirror.
• The first law of reflection states that the incident ray, the normal and the reflected ray all lie in the same plane.
• The angle of incidence is 40 degrees and the angle of reflection is also 40 degrees.
• The image formed in a plane mirror is virtual, erect, of the same size as the object, and the image distance is equal to the object distance.
• The angle of incidence and the angle of reflection are measured from the normal.
• The normal line is perpendicular to our mirror when we say perpendicular, it's an angle measurement.
• The normal line is 90 degrees.
• Reflection is the bouncing of light rays of an object.
• The second law of reflection states that the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.
• If a light ray passing through the focus is reflected parallel, the image will be formed at the focus and will be inverted and real.
• A plane mirror image is a virtual image.
• If a light ray passing through or directed towards the center of curvature retraces its path after reflection, the image will be formed at the center of curvature and will be inverted and real.
• If an object is placed at c, the image will also be formed at c, still inverted but now larger than the object and will be real.
• Lost refers to Location, Orientation, Size, and Type of Image.
• Ray diagrams are used to predict the characteristics of an image formed by curved mirrors.
• If an object is placed between c and f, the image will be formed at c, still inverted but now the same size as the object and will be real.
• Concave mirrors, also known as converging mirrors, are used in reflecting telescopes and produce both real and virtual images depending on the placement of the object.
• If an object is placed at infinity, the image will be formed at f, the focal point, inverted, smaller and real.
• Convex mirrors, also known as diverging mirrors, are used in reflecting telescopes and produce both real and virtual images depending on the placement of the object.
• In a plane mirror, distance is equal to object distance, orientation is erect or upright, size is the same size as the object, and type of image is virtual.
• In a ray diagram, f stands for the focal point, c stands for the center of curvature, and v stands for the vertex of the mirror.
• If a light ray parallel to the principal axis passes through or diverges from focus after reflection, the image will be formed at f, the focal point, inverted, smaller and real.
• Mirror equation

  1/f = 1/do • 1/di
• Magnification equation

  M = hi/ho = -di/do