QUARTER 2 ROBOTICS

• Relay - an electricity-operated switch consisting of input terminals for single or multiple control signals and a set of operating contact terminals.
• Counters - a device that stores (and sometimes displays) the number of times a particular event or process has occurred, often in relationship to a clock signal.
• Counters - are used in digital electronics for counting purposes, they can count specific events in the circuit.
• Up counter - a counter increases the count for every rising edge of the clock. Not only counting, a counter can follow a certain sequence based on our design
• Counters are sequential circuits that count the number of pulses can be either in binary code or BCD form.
• The main properties of a counter are timing, sequencing, and counting.
• Timer - used to measure specific time intervals.
• On delay operation - in this mode of operation, the timer counts the output of the system after a specific interval of the specified delay.
• Off delay operation - the timer starts its operation as soon as the input starts, and the output is also started but the output of the timer is stopped once the set time of the timer has expired.
• The gate indicator light in cars is an example of an off delay operation
• Microcontroller - It is a compact integrated circuit designed to govern a specific operation in an embedded system.
• Control system - a control system manages, commands, directs, or regulates the behavior of other devices or systems using control loops.
• Control system - It can range from a single home heating controller using a thermostat controlling a domestic boiler to large industrial control systems which are used for controlling processes or machines.
• Open-loop control - is one in which the output does not feedback to the input to correct variations. 

  Instead, the output is varied by varying the input. This means that external conditions will not impact on the system output.
• Closed-loop system - the applied input or controlling factor depends on the output of the system. 
• Closed-loop system - It is also known as feedback control system because in such systems comparison between input and achieved output is done to get the desired output signal.
• Programmable logic controller - is an industrial computer that has been ruggedized and adapted for the control of manufacturing processes, such as assembly lines, machines, robotic devices, or any activity that requires high reliability, ease of programming, and process fault diagnosis.
• Fixed/intregated/compacted PLC - This type of PLC is most commonly called the Fixed I/O PLC.
• “Fixed I/O” actually stands for Fixed “Input/Output”
• Modular PLC - is a type that allows multiple expansions of the PLC system through the use of modules, hence the term “modular”.
• A type of modular PLC is the rack mount PLC.
• on-off control - is the simplest form of feedback control
• on-off control - simply drives the manipulated variable from fully closed to fully open depending on the position of the controlled variable relative to the set point. 
• A common example of on-off control is the temperature control in a domestic heating system.
• Fuzzy logic - is an approach to variable processing that allows for multiple possible truth values to be processed through the same variable. 
• Fuzz logic - attempts to solve problems with an open, imprecise spectrum of data and heuristics that makes it possible to obtain an array of accurate conclusions.
• State the right parts to every number

  #1: Reset button

  #2: Digital I/O

  #3: USB port

  #4: USB/TTL converter

  #5: Poly fuse

  #6: Crystal oscillator

  #7: Voltage regulator

  #8: Microcontroller

  #9: Power jack

  #10: Crystal Oscillator

  
• Timer: an integrated circuit (electronic device) that uses an oscillating pulse signal.
• Relay: an electro-mechanical device that can control other device or can receive signal from a sensor.
• PLC (programmable logic control) uses Ladder type programming.
• integrated PLC: it is a fixed program module
• modular PLC: not fixed program and can be modified and expand program.
• microcontroller - an integrated circuit that program can be downloaded to control other devices. Also, the brain of the robot.
• programming language - an encoded machine language instruction that can be downloaded to a microcontroller.
• C++ is the programming language used in Arduino IDE.
• C++ always end a line using semicolon.
• open loop control device: is used for precision level task.
• feedback control: the input signal can affect the output. Such as a sensor that control a motor in line tracing robot.
• IDE: a platform that encode program for microcontroller.
• compiler: part of IDE that check error in the encoded program.