BIOLOGY

• ATP, or Adenosine Triphosphate, is the energy currency of the cell.
• Organisms are classified according to their energy source.
• An ecological pyramid is a graphical portrayal of the relationship that every living creature present at different levels of the ecosystem shares with each other.
• A food chain is a chronological pathway or an order that shows the flow of energy from one organism to the other.
• The sun is the source of energy, which is the initial energy source used by the producers or plants to create their own food, through photosynthesis and grow.
• A food chain in a terrestrial ecosystem begins with a producer, which is an organism that creates its own food through photosynthesis and grows.
• A food web happens when a single organism gets eaten by many predators or it eats many other organisms.
• A trophic level pertains to a position in a food chain or ecological pyramid occupied by a group of organisms with similar feeding modes.
• On average, about 10 percent of the energy available within one trophic level is transferred to the next trophic level.
• Organisms expend much of the energy they acquire on life processes such as respiration, movement, growth and reproduction.
• Most of the remaining energy is released into the environment as heat which is a by-product of these activities.
• Metabolism refers to the whole sum of reactions that occur throughout the body within each cell and that provide the body with energy.
• Catabolism is the part of the metabolic process that breaks down large, complicated molecules into smaller ones in order to produce energy.
• Anabolism is the building of small molecules or subunits to form larger ones.
• Energy is necessary in this process.
• Photosynthesis is one example of anabolic process in which simple inorganic molecules such as carbon dioxide and water join to form glucose.
• Photosynthesis is the process by which plants use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to create oxygen and energy in the form of sugar.
• To form one molecule of 6-carbon sugar, six molecules of CO2 must enter the Calvin Cycle and complete the cycle each time carbon dioxide passes through it.
• During photosynthesis, plants take in carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) from the air and soil.
• Within the plant cell, the water is oxidized, meaning it loses electrons, while the carbon dioxide is reduced, meaning it gains electrons.
• This transforms the water into oxygen and the carbon dioxide into glucose.
• Photosynthesis is a reduction-oxidation (redox) reaction.
• Redox (oxidation-reduction) reactions are characterized by electron transfer.
• The reduction of carbon dioxide into sugars and oxidation of water into oxygen is involved in photosynthesis.
• Light is also a particle called photon which serves a bundle of energy.
• Energy of a photon is inversely proportional to its wavelength.
• A photon is a tiny particle made up of electromagnetic waves.
• Photosynthesis occurs in the leaf, which is the primary organ of photosynthesis due to its expanded flat shape that enables it to gather more light necessary for the process.
• Chloroplast is a pigment containing organelle that captures light and stores energy.
• The thylakoid is the structural unit of photosynthesis containing photosynthetic chemicals.
• In the thylakoid lumen, you can find the largest concentration of protons.
• Thylakoids are stacked like pancakes in stacks known collectively as grana.
• The areas between grana are referred to as stroma.
• Chlorophyll a is the most important pigment in photosynthesis as it absorbs mainly the red and blue-violet rays and reflects green light.
• Chlorophyll b does not participate directly in the light reactions but channels the energy it absorbs to chlorophyll a to boost its energy.
• Chlorophyll b mainly absorbs orange, violet and blue light.
• Carotenoid passes the energy it absorbs to chlorophyll a and it mainly absorbs blue-green light.
• Photosynthesis is a chemical reaction that harnesses light energy from the Sun to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose.
• Carbon dioxide and water are the raw materials, glucose is the product and oxygen is the by-product in photosynthesis.
• Light-dependent reactions are the phase of photosynthesis which uses light, water and other-light absorbing molecules.