Biology

• A microscope is a tool that is use to see organisms or objects that are too small to be seem by the marked eye
• Magnification - It describes how much larger an object appear when viewed
• Resolution - iT is the capacity of a microscope to distinguish small gaps between two separate points
• Compound Microscope - is an optical microscope that uses visible light to form an image
• The most common microscope is the Compound Microscope
• Three Major Parts

  1. Magnifying
  2. Illuminatiing
  3. Mechanical Parts
• Magnifying parts

  • The parts that make the specimen look bigger
• Eyepiece/Ocular lens - where the viewer looks and see the magnified image of the specimen
• Objective Lenses - The major lenses used for specimen magnification
• Low Power Objective - Has A magnification power of 10x
• High power objective - it has a magnification power of 40x
• Oil Immersion Objective - has magnification of 100x
• illuminating parts - the parts of the microscope that supply and regulate light towards the specimen
• Mirror - It reflects light from an external light source up through the bottom of the stage which illluminates the specimen
• Iris Diaphragm - controls the amount of light that reaches the specimen
• Stage Condenser - it collects and focuses the light from the mirror to the specimen
• Mechanical Parts

  • These parts are used for support and in adjusting the different parts of the microscope
• Body Tube - It holds the eyepiece lens and connects them to the objective lenses
• Revolving Nosepiece - Holds the different objective lenses and facilitates the changing of objectives
• Adjusting KNobs - used to focus the microscope
• Coarse Adjustment Knob - It moves the body tube and low power lenses closer or farther away
• Types of Adjusting Knobs

  1. Coarse Adjustment Knob
  2. Fine adjustment knob
• Fine adjustment knob - it moves slower or shorter in terms of distance than the coarse adjustment knob
• Stage - flat surface where the slide is placed
• Stage Clips - holds the slide in place
• arm and base - use for support in carrying the microscope
• Inclination Joint - allows the user to tilt the microscope
• Living things are highly organized and structured and can be studied at different levels of biological organization.
• Cells are the smallest living part of an organism and are the basic unit of life that can perform all activities associated with life like growth, reproduction, excretion, and nutrition.
• Every living thing is made up of one or more cells, and if a living thing is made up of one cell, they are called unicellular organisms such as bacteria, amoeba, and paramecium.
• If a living thing is made up of more than one cells, they are called multicellular organisms such as humans, plants, and animals.
• Cells are too small to be seen by the naked eye, but thanks to the invention of a microscope, scientists are able to study them in detail.
• Robert Hook was the first person to describe cells using a microscope when he examined a very thin slice of cork and noticed structures that looked like small empty rooms, which reminded him of small rooms found in a monastery, thus he named these structures cells.
• The three basic parts of a cell are the cell membrane, nucleus, and the cytoplasm.
• The cell membrane, also known as the plasma membrane, is the outer covering of the cell which controls the kind of substance that enters and exists the cells and protects the cell from the outside environment.
• Rough endoplasmic reticulum is involved in the production of various proteins in the cell.
• Ribosomes are the protein factories of the cells and can be seen as the tiny dust in the cell.
• Chloroplasts contain the pigment chlorophyll that captures energy from sunlight for photosynthesis and is the site of photosynthesis.
• Antibodies, insulin, and transportation of proteins into the smooth endoplasmic reticulum are processes that involve the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
• Plants have cell walls made of cellulose that protect, support, and give them shape.