2105 -Ch. 1: Background and theories

• According to Vygotsky's sociocultural approach what is a dialectical process?

  The process whereby children learn through problem-solving experiences shared with others.
• what are most modern psychologists' perspectives today?

  interactionists
• According to ethology what is:Imprinting+who explored this?

  Emotional bonds formed by young members of a species with their mothers+ LORENZ
• According to ethology what is a:Sensitive period

  Learning is biologically programmed to occur easily
• ethology believes that innate behaviours are:

  - Are universal to all members of the species- Require no learning or experience- Are stereotyped (have similar form)- Are minimally affected by the environment
• What is ethology?

  Role of evolutionary processes in development
• what are the three basic types of learning?

  1. Habituation(the decline of a reflex resonance after repeated exposure)2. Classical conditioning(Neutral stimulus is paired with a reflexive stimulus; after several pairings, the neutral stimulus now evokes a response3. Operant Learning(Behaviour changes as a result of reinforcers or punishers)
• Define the two main kinds of learning BF Skinner established:1. Respondent 2. Operant

  1. Respondent: (automatic)Environmental stimuli elicit reflexive responses ie (salivation response to a steak)2. Operant: (voluntary)The impact of voluntary behaviours on the environment Operant behaviours are controlled by their effects
• what does behavioural psychology believe?

  Human behaviour is acquired rather than inborn. Learning refers to a relatively permanent change in behaviour that results from practice or experience not biological maturation
• Name the 4 layers of the bronfenbrenner model and what parts of society are included in each (ON MIDTERM)

  1. microsystem(family, school, daycare, peers, health services, neighbourhood play area)2. mesosystem(the barrier/ transaction layer where the micro and exo interact) 3. exosystem(extended family, neighbours, media, workplace, legal services)4. macrosystem(attitudes and ideology of the culture)
• Answer the following about piaget's stages of development:Formal operational 1. what is the time frame for the stage2. what happens

  1. 12- adulthood 2. - Child can use formal problem solving and higher level abstract thinking
• Answer the following about piaget's stages of development:Concrete operational 1. what is the time frame for the stage2. what happens

  1. 6-11 2. - Child performs mental operations and logical problem solving - Can not think abstractly/ philosophically
• Answer the following about piaget's stages of development:Preoperational1. what is the time frame for the stage2. what happens

  1. 2-6 2. - have a very basic understanding - Use symbols to understand the world
• Answer the following about piaget's stages of development:sensorimotor1. what is the time frame for the stage2. what happens

  1. 0-22 - Infant schemes are simple reflexes - knowledge reflects interactions with people and objects
• What are Piagets four stages of development?

  1. sensorimotor 2. preoperational 3. concrete operational 4. formal operational
• in relation to a scheme, what 2 processes can take place for allowing for adaptation?

  Assimilation: making sense of new info using existing info Accomodation: changing the existing schemes to fit new info
• what is a scheme?

  cognitive structures that are used to understand the world
• Who was Piaget and what did he believe?+ did Piaget discover schemes?

  biologist who determined children's knowledge changes as they grow up
• Define the cognitive-developmental theory for development+ Who believed in it?

  Thinking and reason develop over time+ Piaget
• Describe the following common issue/ question in developmental psychologyNature vs nurture(give an example or nature and nurture)

  Asks the question,does developmental change occur due to biological factors or environmental factors Most theories adopt both nature and nurture ie for nature: does being a twin affect development ie for nurture: does growing up with two parents instead of 1 affect development
• Answer the following about -Stage eight: Ego integrity vs despair1. What is the time frame for this stage?2. what are the characteristics?

  1. older adults 2. older adults have to find a fulfillment in their life or they will feel despair as they approach death
• Answer the following about -Stage seven: Generativity vs stagnation

  1. What is the time frame for this stage? 2. what are the characteristics?

  1. adults

  2. - adults must find a way to support future generations (either by having kids, teaching etc)- if they dont they may come to a standstill in their life
• Answer the following about -Stage six: intimacy vs isolation 1. What is the time frame for this stage?2. what are the characteristics?

  1. young adult

  2. people have to start forming relationships if they dont it may result in isolation
• Answer the following about -Stage five: Identity vs Role Confusion1. What is the time frame for this stage?2. what are the characteristics?

  1. 12-18 2. - teenagers have to arrange an identity for themselves (gender, interests, morals) - if they fail they may be confused as an adult
• Answer the following about -Stage four: Industry vs Inferiority1. What is the time frame for this stage?2. what are the characteristics?

  1. 6-12 2. - school age children will receive new demands and acquire new skills- failure in these areas will lead to inferiority amongst other children
• Answer the following about -Stage two: Autonomy vs Shame1. What is the time frame for this stage?2. what are the characteristics?

  1. 1.5-3 2. - As children master skills like walking/ talking they start to develop autonomy and self control. - if they fail to meet these tasks they will feel shame
• Eriksons model:Answer the following about -Stage one: Trust vs Mistrust1. What is the time frame for this stage?2. what are the characteristics?

  1. Birth - 1.5 2. - children form trusting relationship with caregivers, if the caregiver is inaccurate they form a mistrusting relationship
• Eriksons model Try your best to name all the stages (help with abbreviations)1. BT vs MT2. A vs S3. I vs G4. I vs I5. I vs R.C6. I vs I7. G vs S8. EI vs D

  1. Basic trust vs mistrust 2. autonomy vs shame 3. initiative vs guilt 4. industry vs inferiority 5. Identity vs role confusion6. intimacy vs isolation7. Generativity vs stagnation8. Ego integrity vs despair
• Answer the following about:Erik Erikson1. what model did he purpose? 2. Did he piggy back off of Freud?

  1. The psychosocial model2. YES
• what are the two ways a child can go about resolving the oedipus complex?

  1. Repression- repressing all of these feeling into the unconscious 2. Identification- a child can choose to overcome the rivalrous feeling by choosing to identify with the characteristics of the same sex parent
• what happens if a child does not properly pass through one of frued's psychosexual stage?

  They remain fixated on the one certain stage and will result in issues
• Freud- Stage four: Latency 1. what is the time frame for this stage?2. where is the libido focused?

  1. 6- 12 2. Nowhere! The libido is inactive
• Freud- Stage two: Anal1. what is the time frame for this stage?2. what is the main source of physical pleasure?3. how does the physical pleasure differ over time?

  1. 1.5- 3 2. comes from having bowel movements 3. the pleasure changes from having bowel movements to withholding them
• Freud- Stage one: Oral 1. what is the time frame for this stage?2. where is the libido focused?3. what is the main source of physical pleasure?

  1. Birth - 1.5

  2. The mouth is the erogenous zone

  3. sucking
• What are the 5 stages of Sigmund Freud's psychosexual model

  1. Oral 2. Anal 3. Phallic 4. Latent 5. Genital
• Answer the following about:Sigmund Freud1. what what his perspective on developmental psychology?2. what did he believe about children?

  1. Interactionist perspective2. children have a natural libido that focuses in erogenous zones. The stimulation in certain regions results in pleasure
• What field of psychology did Stanley hall create?

  developmental psychology
• who is the father of child psychology?

  Stanley Hall
• According to Charles Darwin define the following:1. recapitulation2. baby biography

  1. The Belief that the development of the individual reflects the development of the species 2. Method in which parents study their own child
• answer the following about:Early theorist: Charles Darwin1. what concept did he develop? Explain it2. what did his theory give rise to?

  1. Natural selection set of traits that are an advantage to survival

  2. Theory gave rise to recapitulation and baby biography