Lesson 1

• PHILOSOPHY

  • Mother of all disciplines simply because all fields of study began as philosophical discourses.

  • A training guide for your mind, showing how you think in clear, analytic, and powerful ways.
• SELF

  • A unified being, essentially connected to consciousness, awareness and agency (or, at least, with the faculty of rational choice).
• SOCRATES: “Know Thyself”
• Socrates:

  • First martyr of education, knowledge, and philosophy

  • Importance of the notion "knowing oneself"

  • Acceptance of ignorance is the beginning of acquisition of knowledge.

  • Possession of knowledge is a virtue; ignorance is a depravity

  • Understanding ourselves is through internal questioning or introspection
• Socrates: Happiness

  • Men's goal in life is to obtain happiness.

  • Fully knowing oneself=achieve happiness

  • It motivates us to act towards or avoid things that could have negative effects in our lives
• Socrates: Socratic Method/ Socratic Conversation

  • Role of both the teacher and the student is known to the world; asking and answering questions

  • Stimulates critical thinking and to draw out ideas and underlying presumptions
• PLATO: “Father of Academy”
• Plato:

  • Student of Socrates

  • A follower of truth & wisdom won’t be tempted by vices & will always be correct/moral/ethical.
• Plato: Academy

  • A place where learning and sharing of knowledge happens;

  • Became one of the pillars and basis of what schools and education is now in the present
• Plato: 3 Parts of the Soul

  • Appetitive Soul
  • Spirited Soul
  • Rational Soul
• 3 PARTS OF THE SOUL: Appetitive Soul

  • Driven by desire and need to satisfy oneself.

  • One’s physical needs, pleasures and desires, objects, and situations
• 3 PARTS OF THE SOUL: Spirited Soul

  • Courageous part of a person.

  • One who wants to do something/right the wrongs that they observe.

  • This is very competitive and is very active.

  • Competitiveness drives one to expect positive results and winning.
• 3 PARTS OF THE SOUL: Rational Soul

  • The drive of our lives.

  • Thinks and plan for the future (the conscious mind)

  • Decides what to do, when to do it and the possible results depending on their actions.
• ST. AUGUSTINE

  • A saint and a philosopher of the church.

  • Follows the idea that God encompasses us all, that everything will be better if we are with God.

  • His idea of a man & how to understand who we are as a person is related to our understanding of who we are & how we question ourselves.
• ST. AUGUSTINE

  • He also relates our existence to God being modelled in his likeness though being alive means that we are still far from god and has yet to be truly with him

  • His believes that teaching the church and establishing our sense of self with God identifies the essence of our existence and role in the world (the reason for this is because our bodies are limited).
• RENE DESCARTES: “Cogito Ergo Sum/ I Think Therefore I Am”
• Rene Descartes:

  • Father of modern Philosophy

  • Because of his radical use of systematic and early scientific method to aid his ideas and assumptions.
• Rene Descartes: Father of Modern Philosophy
• Rene Descartes: Modern Dualism

  • Existence of Body and Mind

  • Its importance to one's existence were presented with the evidences from experiments as well as philosophical reasoning.
• Rene Descartes: Methodical Doubt

  • He was the proponent

  • Continuous process of questioning, asking questions are part of one's existence
• Rene Descartes: Mind & Body

  • A person is comprised of mind & body

  • The body and its perceptions cannot fully be trusted or can easily be deceived

  • Focus on the mind in order to perceive as who we are or the essence of our existence because we cannot always trust our senses.

  • Being in constant doubt regarding one's existence is proof that a person exists.

  • The more we think & doubt what we perceived from our senses & the answer that came from such thinking/doubting -> better understanding of ourselves.
• JOHN LOCKE: “Tabula Rasa/Blank Slate”
• John Locke:

  • English philosopher and physician.

  • Father of Classical Liberation

  • His works paved the way to several revolutions

  • The experiences and perceptions of a person is important in the establishment of who that person can become.
• John Locke: Father of Classical Liberation
• DAVID HUME: “No Permanent Self”
• David Hume:

  • A Scottish philosopher.

  • Works in fields of empiricism, skepticism, & naturalism.
• David Hume: The Self

  • Is the accumulation of different impressions and does not exceed the physical realm.

  • Self can be improved/replaced

  • There is no permanent self because impressions of things are based from our experiences where we can create our ideas and knowledge.
• IMMANUEL KANT:

  • German philosopher

  • Works on empiricism and rationalism.

  • Established that the collection of impressions and different contents is what it only takes to define a person.

  • Believes that the awareness of different emotions that we have, impressions & behavior is only a part of ourselves.
• Immanuel Kant:

  • A person who fully understand the self has a certain level of consciousness/sense that uses our intuition which synthesizes all the experiences, impressions & perceptions of ourselves will pave the way to define and know who we are really are.
• Immanuel Kant: Transcendental Apperception

  • An essence of our consciousness that provides basis for understanding & est.-ing the notion of self by synthesizing one's accumulation of experiences, intuition, & imagination
• SIGMUND FREUD: “Father of Psychoanalysis”
• Sigmund Freud:

  • Austrian psychologist and physician.

  • Works on human nature and the unconscious.

  • Believed that we are a by-product of our experiences in the past

  • Our actions are driven by the idea of resisting/ avoiding pain, & are molded from our need for pleasure/being happy.
• Sigmund Freud: Man has 3 Aspects of Personality

  • Id
  • Ego
  • Super Ego
• 3 ASPECTS OF PERSONALITY: Id

  • Driven by pleasure principle.

  • Child aspect

  • Attention is on satisfaction of one's needs and self-gratification
• 3 ASPECTS OF PERSONALITY: Super Ego

  • Conscience of one's personality.

  • Inclination to uphold justice and do what is morally right and socially acceptable actions

  • . Involved in the notion of right or wrong
• 3 ASPECTS OF PERSONALITY: Ego

  • Mediator between id and super ego.

  • Operates within the boundaries of reality

  • Primary function is to maintain the impulses of the id to an acceptable degree.
• SIGMUND FREUD: INTRODUCED LEVELS OF CONSCIOUSNESS

  • Conscious
  • Pre-conscious
  • Unconscious
• FREUD'S LEVELS OF CONSCIOUSNESS: Conscious

  • Where minority of our memories are being stored

  • Memories in here is easier to be to be tapped/accessed
• FREUD'S LEVELS OF CONSCIOUSNESS: Pre-conscious

  • Middle part of the entirety of our consciousness;

  • Memories stored here can still be accessed but with a little difficulty
• FREUD'S LEVELS OF CONSCIOUSNESS: Unconscious

  • Area is where majority of our memories since childhood are deeply stored.

  • Very difficult to tap the memories.

  • Need a trained professional & several special techniques to make some memories resurface