Clinical nutrition and metabolic disease

• What is the duration of the lactation period for dairy cows?

  305 days
• How long is the dry period for dairy cows?

  60 days
• What is the transition period for dairy cows?

  Approximately 3 weeks pre/post calving
• What is the service period for dairy cows?

  50-85 days
• What is the voluntary waiting period (VWP) for dairy cows?

  50 days
• What is the peak lactation period in days?

  60 days
• When does milk yield typically start to decline?

  About 100 days after calving
• What is a classic sign of ketosis in dairy cows?

  Decreased milk yield
• What is a common clinical sign of ketosis?

  Rapid BCS loss
• What is the typical time frame for clinical ketosis to occur?

  20-50 days after calving
• What is a sign of "nervous form" ketosis?

  Inco-ordination and circling
• What is the relationship between type 2 ketosis and insulin resistance?

  High circulating glucose with insulin resistance
• What is a common consequence of fatty liver syndrome?

  Depressed milk production
• What is the threshold for liver fat deposition in severe NEBAL?

  20% liver fat deposition
• What is the role of clinical biochemistry in diagnosing ketosis?

  Measures NEFA and BHB levels
• What is a common treatment for ketosis?

  IV glucose solution
• What is the mechanism of action of Monensin?

  Alters microbial fermentation in rumen
• What is a risk factor for ketosis related to body condition score (BCS)?

  High BCS before calving
• What is the aim of transition cow feeding during the far-off period?

  Recovery from lactation and maintain condition
• What is the role of magnesium in calcium mobilization?

  Needed for calcium mobilization
• What is the significance of dietary cation-anion balance (DCAB)?

  Influences pH of blood and calcium homeostasis
• What is the consequence of a negative DCAB?

  Induces mild metabolic acidosis
• What is the role of hypomagnesaemia in dairy cows?

  Causes grass staggers and tetany
• What are the aims of transition cow feeding during the transition period?

  • Maintain condition
  • Maximize DMI
  • Prevent hypocalcaemia
  • Acclimatize to lactation diet
  • Support calf growth
• What are the clinical signs of pregnancy toxaemia in ewes?

  • Dullness and inappetence
  • Neurological signs (e.g., apparent blindness)
  • Isolation from flock
  • Disinclined to move
  • High mortality rates
• What are the prevention strategies for pregnancy toxaemia in ewes?

  • Forage analyses and dietary rationing
  • Supplementary feeding introduction
  • BCS monitoring and adjustment
  • Grouping according to nutritional need
• What are the clinical signs of hypocalcaemia in dairy cows?

  • Downer cow
  • Uterine inertia
  • Uterine prolapse
  • Retained fetal membranes
• What are the treatment options for hypocalcaemia?

  • IV calcium borogluconate
  • Oral calcium products
  • Supportive care
• What are the mechanisms of calcium homeostasis in dairy cows?

  • Activated D3
  • Calcium restriction
  • Magnesium supplementation
  • DCAB manipulation
• What are the dietary cation-anion balance (DCAB) manipulation strategies?

  • Monitor mineral analysis of feeds
  • Use anionic salts
  • Aim for negative DCAB pre-calving
• What are the clinical signs of ketosis in dairy cows?

  • Decreased milk yield
  • Rapid BCS loss
  • Loss of appetite
  • Ketone breath
• What are the risk factors for ketosis in dairy cows?

  • Inadequate energy content of ration
  • High BCS before calving
  • Secondary diseases affecting DMI
• What are the signs of subclinical ketosis?

  • Loss of body condition
  • Depressed milk yield
  • Reduced fertility
  • Immunosuppression
• What is the significance of clinical biochemistry in diagnosing ketosis?

  • Measures NEFA and BHB levels
  • Indicates energy balance
  • Helps identify treatment needs
• What are the treatment options for ketosis in dairy cows?

  • IV glucose solution
  • Oral propylene glycol
  • Glucocorticoids
• What are the clinical signs of pregnancy toxaemia in ewes?

  • Dullness and inappetence
  • Neurological signs
  • Isolation from flock
  • High mortality rates
• What are the prevention strategies for pregnancy toxaemia in ewes?

  • Forage analyses and dietary rationing
  • Supplementary feeding introduction
  • BCS monitoring and adjustment
  • Grouping according to nutritional need
• What are the clinical signs of hypocalcaemia in dairy cows?

  • Downer cow
  • Uterine inertia
  • Uterine prolapse
  • Retained fetal membranes
• What are the treatment options for hypocalcaemia?

  • IV calcium borogluconate
  • Oral calcium products
  • Supportive care
• What are the mechanisms of calcium homeostasis in dairy cows?

  • Activated D3
  • Calcium restriction
  • Magnesium supplementation
  • DCAB manipulation