Bonding, structure and properties of matter

• Why do atoms have no charge?

  Atoms have no overall charge as there are equal number of protons and electrons so they cancel each other out
• What is an ion?

  An ion is an atom which has an overall charge
• How is an ion formed?

  An ion is formed when an atom looses or gains electrons
• If an electron is lost what type of ion will be formed?

  A positive ion will be formed if electrons are lost
• what happens when a metal reacts with a non mental?

  A metal will always transfer electrons to non metal meaning a metal will always form a Positive ion whereas a nonmetal will always form a Negative ion
• What can atoms do with electrons?

  Atoms can transfer or share electrons
• What are covalent bonds?

  Covalent bonds are between two nonmetals when they share electrons to help achieve a full outer shell
• What are the differences between single and double covalent bonds?

  Single covalent bonds have only one pair of electorns shared whereas Double covalent bonds have two pairs of electrons shared
• What are covalent structures dependent on?

  Covalent structures are dependent on how many atoms and covalent bonds are needed
• What are the three different types of covalent bonding structures?

  Giant covalent, Small molecules and Large molecules are all types of Covalent structures
• Describe Giant covalent bonding structures?

  Giant covalent bonds have strong covalent bonds between each four atoms shared. This means they have high boiling/melting points and are solid at room temperatur. An Example is Diamond which has four carbon atoms all joined to four other carbon atoms each which means they have a full maximum bonding - no delocalised electrons so not good conductors
• Describe Small molecules covalent bonding?

  Small molecules have few atoms covalently bonded. They have weak intermolecular forces between molecules so have low melting/boiling points as only IMF needed to overcome- liquid or gas at room temp. An example is Water which the carbon atoms is strongly bonded with the two oxygen atoms but weak IMFs between other water molecules
• Why are most covalent bonding structures not good conductors?

  Most covalent bonding structures do not have any delocalised electrons as they have full bonded which means energy cannot be conducted as easily through the structures
• What type of covalent structure is graphite an example of?

  Graphite is a giant covalent structure. Every carbon atoms are bonded with three other carbon atoms meaning there is one spare delocalised electron for each atom- good at conducting
• How is graphite different than diamond?

  graphite is softer than diamond due to the extra electron and not fully bonded
• What does a graphite structure look like?

  Carbon atoms in graphite bond to form layers. These layers can slide over each other
• what does Graphene look like?

  Graphene is made up of only graphite layers- strong covalent bonds making it a strong structure
• what are fullerenes an example of?

  Fullerenes are Giant covalent structures.
• What are fullerenes?

  Fullerenes are hollow cages made up of carbon atoms to form one molecule- they are made up of layers which have weak IMF so can slide over each other and can conduct electricity due to a delocalised electron
• What are the two types of fullerenes?

  Spherical and Nanotubes
• what are Spherical Fullerenes used for and what do they look like?

  spherical fullerenes are used for Lubricants and drug delivery. The carbon atoms have bonded in rings
• What are Nanotubes used for and what do they look like?

  Nanotubes are used for electronics as they have strong covalent bonds, arranged in tubes and have high tensile density- difficult to break
• What type of bonds do alkenes have between carbon atoms?


  Alkenes have single bonds between carbon atoms meaning they are saturated- cannot bond anymore
• Name the first four alkanes?

  Methane, Ethane, Propane, Butane
• what types of bonds do alkenes have between carbon atoms?

  Alkenes have double covalent bonds between carbon atoms meaning they are unsaturated- can bond with more atoms
• Name the first four Alkenes?

  ethene, propene, butene - Methene doesn’t exists as only one carbon atom