amines

• Amines are derivatives of ammonia in which one or more of the protons have been replaced with alkyl or aryl groups.
• Replacing one, two, or three hydrogens of NH3 gives primary (1st), secondary (2nd), and tertiary (3rd) amines respectively.
• A primary amine has an NH2 group connected to an alkyl group.
• IUPAC nomenclature offers two naming methods for amines, one depends on alkyl group complexity.
• For simple alkyl groups, use the "alkylamine" method.
• Identify alkyl substituent and add "amine" as suffix.
• Aromatic amines, also called aryl amines, are generally named as derivative of aniline.
• If all alkyl groups are rather simple in structure, then the groups are listed in alphabetical order.
• The prefixes "di" and "tri" are used if the same alkyl group appears more than once.
• Preparation of amines can be done by nucleophilic displacements, alkylation of NH3, RNH2 and R2NH with RX, reduction of N-containing compounds, nitro compounds, nitriles, amides, oximes, azides, and reductive amination of carbonyl compounds.
• Amines have three different substituents and an unshared pair of electrons, enantiomers cannot be resolved.
• The lone pair of electrons on the N atom of amines accounts for their base strength and nucleophilicity, they abstract protons from water, react with Lewis’s acids, and attack electrophilic sites such as carbonyl carbon.
• Primary amines form diazonium ion when reacted with nitrous acid.
• Aromatic amines (ArNH2) are named as derivative of aniline.
• Preparation of amines can be done by alkylation of imides, Gabriel synthesis of 1 amines, reduction of nitro compounds, nitriles, amides, oximes, azides, and reductive amination of carbonyl compounds.
• The amine undergoes a very rapid nitrogen inversion like that for a carbonyl compound undergoing a sn2 reaction.
• The general formula for primary, secondary, and tertiary amines is R-NH2, RR'NH, and R3N respectively.
• Amines are organic compounds that contain nitrogen as part of an alkyl or aryl group.
• Alkylammonium salts are formed when ammonia or amines react with strong acids.
• Ammonium salts have a positive charge on the nitrogen atom due to its ability to accept a hydrogen bond.
• Aliphatic amines have the general structure RNH2 where R represents an alkyl group.
• Quaternary ammonium salts are formed when ammonia or amines react with strong bases.
• Aromatic amines have the general structure ArNH2 where Ar represents an aromatic ring.
• Primary amines (RNH2) have one N-C single bond and two H atoms attached to the nitrogen.
• Ammonium salts have the general structure NHR4+X-. The cations are called quaternary ammonium ions.
• Quaternary ammonium ions are used to make detergents because they do not form insoluble soap scum with calcium and magnesium ions found in hard water.
• Primary amines have one hydrogen atom attached to the nitrogen atom.
• Secondary amines (RR'NH) have two N-C single bonds and no H atoms attached to the nitrogen.
• Primary amines (1°) have one alkyl substituent attached to the nitrogen atom.
• Tertiary amines (RR'R''N) have three N-C single bonds and no H atoms attached to the nitrogen.
• Secondary amines (2°) have two alkyl groups attached to the nitrogen atom.
• Tertiary amines (3°) have three alkyl groups attached to the nitrogen atom.
• Primary amines (RCH2NH2) can be prepared by reducing nitriles using catalytic hydrogenation over palladium/charcoal at room temperature.
• Secondary amines (RC(=O)NR')2) can be prepared from ketones through reductive animation using ammonia or primary amines.
• Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary amines differ based on the number of carbon atoms attached to the nitrogen atom.
• The physical properties of primary, secondary, and tertiary amines vary depending on their molecular weight and polarity.
• Tertiary amines (R3N) can be prepared by dehydrating amino alcohols using phosphorus pentoxide or sulfuric acid.
• Secondary amines (R2NH) have two N-C single bonds and one H atom attached to the nitrogen.
• Secondary amines (NR2H) have one N-C double bond and three H atoms attached to the nitrogen.