3.2

• What is the Jurassic Coast and why is it significant?

  The Jurassic Coast is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, designated in 2001. It showcases 185 million years of Earth's history, featuring fossils from the Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous periods.
• What types of fossils can be found along the Jurassic Coast?

  Fossils such as ammonites and ichthyosaurs are commonly found along the Jurassic Coast.
• How does coastal erosion impact fossil discovery on the Jurassic Coast?

  Coastal erosion continuously exposes new fossils, aiding paleontologists in studying prehistoric life.
• What landforms are created by differential erosion along the Jurassic Coast?

  Features like coves, stacks, and arches are formed due to the differential erosion of limestone, shale, and clay.
• How was Lulworth Cove formed?

  Lulworth Cove was formed when the sea broke through resistant limestone and eroded the softer clays behind it.
• What is the Lulworth Crumple?

  The Lulworth Crumple is a tectonic fold visible at Stair Hole, created by tectonic pressure from the collision of the African and Eurasian plates around 30 million years ago.
• How fast is the Holderness Coast retreating?

  The Holderness Coast retreats at an average rate of 2 meters per year.
• What type of rock primarily makes up the Holderness Coast?

  The Holderness Coast is primarily made of soft boulder clay, which is easily eroded by wave action and weathering.
• How does longshore drift impact the Holderness Coast?

  Longshore drift carries sediment southward, reducing the beach width and increasing erosion on the exposed cliffs.
• What are the effects of coastal defenses at Hornsea and Mappleton?

  Coastal defenses trap sediment, which reduces erosion in those areas but increases erosion further south, causing terminal groyne syndrome.
• How many villages have been lost to the sea along the Holderness Coast since Roman times?

  Over 30 villages have been lost to the sea since Roman times.
• What is a Dalmatian Coast and how does it form?

  A Dalmatian Coast is a type of concordant coastline formed when valleys flooded due to rising sea levels, leaving ridges as islands running parallel to the coast.
• What other coastlines are similar to the Dalmatian Coast?

  The Dalmatian Coast is similar to Pacific coasts (e.g., southern Chile) and Haff coasts, which have features like long spits of sand and lagoons.
• What geological structures are important in coastal geography?

  Key geological structures include strata (layers of rock), bedding planes (horizontal cracks), joints (vertical cracks), folds (due to tectonic pressure), and faults (where rock fractures and slips).
• What is the relationship between geology and coastal erosion rates?

  The geology and lithology of a coast significantly affect the rate of erosion, with harder rocks like granite being more resistant, while softer rocks like shale erode more easily.
• What are the characteristics of igneous rocks like granite?

  Igneous rocks such as granite are crystalline, resistant, and impermeable, making them more resistant to erosion.
• How do sedimentary rocks differ in terms of permeability?

  Jointed sedimentary rocks (e.g., sandstone and limestone) are permeable, while others like shale are compacted and impermeable.
• How does weathering and mass movement affect coastal recession?

  Weathering and mass movement processes can accelerate coastal recession, especially when softer materials like boulder clay are present.
• How do headlands and bays form?

  Headlands form from more-resistant rocks (e.g., limestone), while weaker rocks (e.g., shale) erode to form bays. The difference in rock strength leads to differential erosion.
• How do waves behave around headlands and bays?

  Waves approaching headlands become steeper and more erosive, while waves entering bays lose velocity and allow for deposition to take place.
• What is a concordant coast?

  A concordant coast has rock layers that run parallel to the shoreline, leading to a smooth coastal profile, as seen in the Isle of Purbeck.
• How does the geological structure of the Isle of Purbeck affect its coastal morphology?

  The parallel arrangement of more- and less-resistant rock layers in the Isle of Purbeck creates a concordant coast, influencing its coastal features.