(states of matter)

• solid melts to liquid which evaporates into gas
• gas condenses into liquid which freezes into solid
• solids vibrate in fixed positions, have regular arrangement and defined shape
• liquid particles slip and slide over each other, are arranged with space inbetween, and takes shape of container
• Gas particles move rapidly, and collide into eachother or with the walls of a container. They have no arrangement and are widely spread apart to fill out the volume of it's container
• states of matter can be converted by either heating or cooling
• gas: intermolecular forces are broken

  liquid: intermolecular forces are weakened

  solid: intermolecular forces are present and strong
• an element is a substance made up of only one type of atom
• a compound is a substance formed from multiple elements bonded
• a molecule is made up of a few atoms bonded together
• a mixture is two or more substances mixed, but not bonded together
• pure substances are elements and compounds
• impure substances are mixtures
• appratus for filtration:

  1. filter funnel
  2. filter paper
  3. conical flask
  4. residue
  5. mortar
  6. rock salt
• appratus for crystallization:

  1. filtrate
  2. evaporating dish
  3. gauze
  4. tripod
  5. heatproof mat
  6. bunsen burner
• percentage of rock in rock salt: (m of pure/m of impure) x 100
• crystallization: process of forming crystals from a dish by evaporating
• filtration: seperating an insoluable solid from a solution by passing it through filter paper
• appratus for distillation:

  1. thermometer
  2. pear shaped flask
  3. solution
  4. clamp stand
  5. delivery tube
  6. ice bath
• in distillation, when a solution is heated, water vapour will form and rise, following delivery tube into test tube. Whn the water vapour meets the ice, it will condense into pure water
• chromatogram:

  
• number of spots on a chromatogram indicate the number of components in the solution
• stationary phase is when no water is travelling
• mobile phase is when the water moves up of the chromatography paper
• RF(retention factor): distance moved by spot/disolvent