exclusion crisis

• What did James II publicly declare in 1673?

  Support for Catholicism
• Why was there potential for James II to work out as a monarch?

  He had Protestant daughters from his first wife
• How did James II's marriage to Mary of Modena increase concerns about the monarchy?

  It raised fears of a Catholic future
• What event worsened the situation regarding Catholicism in England in 1678?

  The Popish Plot
• Who were the Whigs and Tories during the Exclusion Crisis?

  • Whigs: Anti-Catholic, pro-Parliament, wanted to exclude James.
  • Tories: Supported hereditary succession, backed monarchy and Church.
• What did the Whigs fear regarding James, Duke of York?

  His succession would lead to Catholic absolutism
• What was the political impact of the Exclusion Crisis?

  It polarized politics into Whigs vs. Tories
• How did Charles II use the divide between Whigs and Tories to his advantage?

  He dissolved Parliament to block exclusion
• What was one of Charles II's key pro-Catholic actions?

  Declaration of Indulgence (1672)
• What did the Declaration of Indulgence do?

  Suspended penal laws against Catholics
• What was the significance of the Secret Treaty of Dover?

  It showed Charles's private commitment to Catholicism
• How did Charles II handle the Popish Plot?

  He was slow to dismiss it
• What were the priorities of the First Exclusion Parliament (March-May 1679)?

  • Investigate the Popish Plot
  • Purge Catholics from power
  • Exclude James, Duke of York from succession
  • Push for militia control
• What does the First Exclusion Parliament suggest about feelings towards Charles II?

  There was deep distrust of his Catholic sympathies
• What actions did Charles II take to reduce tension during the First Exclusion Parliament?

  Appointed a balanced Privy Council
• What was the outcome of the correspondence with Edward Coleman?

  Increased public suspicion of James and Charles
• What was introduced in May 1679?

  The First Exclusion Bill
• What did the First Exclusion Bill propose?

  To exclude James from the line of succession
• What was the significance of the Exclusion Bill in English politics?

  • Central issue from 1679-1681
  • Marked split between Whigs and Tories
  • Sparked fears of absolutism
  • Raised constitutional crisis over succession
• How did Charles II respond to the First Exclusion Bill?

  He dissolved Parliament to block it
• Who was the Duke of Monmouth?

  Illegitimate son of Charles II
• Why was the Duke of Monmouth a potential candidate for the throne?

  He was a Protestant
• What did Charles II do to manage the threat of the Duke of Monmouth?

  He chose to exile him
• How did the Whigs gain public support during the Exclusion Crisis?

  • Petitions and campaigns
  • Pamphlets warning of Catholic dangers
  • Public demonstrations (e.g., Pope-burning)
  • Framed exclusion as defending Protestant liberty
• What tactics did the Tories use to build support?

  • Abhorrers counter-movement
  • Clergy sermons against rebellion
  • Court propaganda defending monarchy
• What did the Whigs frame exclusion as defending against?

  Catholic tyranny
• What were the popular slogans used by the Whigs?

  No Popery! and rights of the people
• How did the Tories build their support?

  Through loyalty to the monarchy and Church
• What were the key tactics used by the Tories?

  • Abhorrers: counter-movement to Whigs
  • Signed addresses of "abhorrence" against exclusion
  • Backed by landed gentry, royalists, and High Anglicans
• What did Anglican Church leaders preach against?

  Rebellion and sedition
• What did the sermons emphasize?

  The divine right of kings and dangers of mob rule
• What was the purpose of court propaganda?

  To defend hereditary monarchy and attack Whigs
• How did the Whigs and Tories differ in their street politics?

  Whigs mobilized crowds; Tories used elite loyalty
• How many times did Charles prorogue Parliament?

  Seven times
• When was the Second Exclusion Parliament called?

  October 1680
• What was the main goal of the Whigs during the Second Exclusion Parliament?

  To exclude James, Duke of York from the throne
• What happened when the Exclusion Bill was put through Parliament?

  The House of Commons passed it
• What did the Whigs hope would sway Charles II?

  Public pressure and Commons majority
• How did the Commons try to convince Charles II?

  Through intense debates and emotional appeals
• What did MPs warn would happen if James became king?

  It would destroy Protestantism and liberty