SAS 27

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• For the child with hypoplastic left heart syndrome, which drug may be given to allow the patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) to remain open until surgery?
• Common types of cardiovascular disorders that occur in children include congestive heart failure and congenital heart defects.
• Nursing care of a family when a child has a cardiovascular disorder involves integrating knowledge of common cardiovascular disorders in children and describing these common illnesses that occur in these classifications of school aged children in formulating nursing care plan in giving quality maternal and child health nursing care.
• Congestive heart failure is defined as the inability of the heart to supply adequate oxygenated blood to meet the metabolic demands of the body.
• Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) infusion is used to maintain patency of the ductus arteriosus and encourage mixing of blood, but it can have side effects such as apnea and hypotension.
• Transposition of the great vessels (TA) is the second most common congenital defect characterized by the reversal of the great arteries.
• Ventricular septal defect (VSD) is the most common defect found in children and occurs when a portion of the ventricular septum does not completely close.
• Atrial septal defect (ASD) is an acyanotic defect that allows blood to flow from the high-pressure left atrium to the low-pressure right atrium and has three types according to location: secundum, primum, and sinus venosus.
• Truncus arteriosus (TA) is characterized by a single arterial vessel that originates from the heart and supplies all of the systemic, coronary, and pulmonary blood flow.
• Anomalous pulmonary venous return (APVR) is a rare cyanotic defect where the pulmonary venous connections fail to unite with the left atrium, causing oxygenated pulmonary blood to drain back into the right side of the heart.
• A nursing action that promotes ideal nutrition in an infant with congestive heart failure (CHF) is: Feeding formula that is supplemented with additional calories
• The nurse's first action during a well-child checkup for an infant with tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) who develops severe respiratory distress and becomes cyanotic should be to: Hold the child in knee-chest position to decrease venous blood return
• The flow of blood through the heart in a 3-month-old with a ventricular septal defect (VSD) is: Ventricular septal defect (VSD)
• A child born with Down syndrome should be evaluated for which associated cardiac manifestation? Congenital heart defect (CHD)
• The laboratory finding expected in a child with congestive heart failure (CHF) receiving maintenance doses of digoxin and furosemide and rubbing her eyes when looking at lights in the room with a heart rate of 70 beats per minute is: Hypokalemia
• A heart transplant may be indicated for a child with severe heart failure and: Hypoplastic left heart syndrome
• The defect known as the lumen of the duct between the aorta and pulmonary artery remains open is called: Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
• A toddler with a history of tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) might assume which position during play? Squatting
• Single ventricle defects, such as mitral atresia, aortic atresia, or pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum, result in a single-ventricle physiology.
• Aortic stenosis can occur below, at, or above the aortic valve, with valvar aortic stenosis being the most common.
• The procedure involves dissection of the main pulmonary artery from the branch pulmonary arteries and attaching it to the hypoplastic ascending aorta to create one great vessel for blood flow.
• Cardiac transplantation is an alternative form of therapy for certain cases, but availability of donor hearts and rejection problems limit its use.
• Shunt placement, such as a BT shunt or Sano shunt, is done to allow for stable blood flow to the lungs.
• Assessment of aortic stenosis includes systolic heart murmur, chest pain with exercise in severe cases, and possible presence of a diastolic murmur.
• The Norwood procedure is a surgical management for congenital heart defects, typically performed within a few days of birth once the child is hemodynamically stable.
• The Fontan procedure is the final stage, performed when the child weighs approximately 15 kg or is 3 years old, and involves directing flow from the inferior vena cava directly to the branch pulmonary artery.
• Management of aortic stenosis may involve stabilization with medication, routine echocardiograms, and surgical intervention if necessary.
• The Bidirectional Glenn shunt is usually performed at around 4 to 6 months of age and involves relieving the volume load on the single right ventricle.
• The child's symptoms of dizziness, chest pain, and difficulty counting and jumping suggest a possible ventricular septal defect (VSD).
• Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) is a rare disorder with poor or no flow to the left ventricle
• Holosystolic murmur noted at the left lower sternal border
• Management of coarctation of the aorta includes balloon angioplasty or surgical intervention
• Children with HLHS are at high risk for sudden death
• Coarctation of the aorta causes narrowing and elevated blood pressures
• Management of AVSD includes medications and surgical correction
• Atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD) is associated with Trisomy 21
• Survival in HLHS is dependent on a patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
• Management of VSD depends on symptoms and size of the defect