Responses to Inflammation

• What is the process of vasodilation?

  Increases blood flow to the affected area
• What are the visible effects of vasodilation?

  Redness and heat in the affected area
• What does increased permeability allow during the vascular response?

  Immune cells, proteins, and nutrients to enter
• How does increased permeability contribute to swelling?

  It allows fluid to accumulate in the tissue
• Why is increased permeability essential during an immune response?

  It delivers immune cells and components for repair
• What is the role of immune cells during the vascular response?

  Fight infection and initiate tissue repair
• What are the key components of the vascular response?

  • Vasodilation: increases blood flow, causing redness and heat
  • Increased permeability: allows immune cells, proteins, and nutrients to enter
  • Essential for fighting infection and initiating repair
• What is the role of leukocytes in cellular response to injury?

  They activate and respond to injury
• What type of white blood cells are neutrophils?

  First responders to injury
• What do neutrophils do during the cellular response to injury?

  They phagocytize pathogens and debris
• What is the role of macrophages in the immune response?

  Continue phagocytosis and release cytokines
• How do macrophages contribute to the immune response?

  They recruit additional immune cells
• What types of cells are lymphocytes?

  T cells and B cells
• What role do T cells and B cells play in the immune response?

  They provide long-term immunity and memory
• What are the main types of leukocytes involved in cellular response to injury?

  • Neutrophils: First responders, phagocytize pathogens
  • Macrophages: Continue phagocytosis, release cytokines
  • Lymphocytes: T cells and B cells, provide long-term immunity
• What is histamine released by?

  Mast cells
• What effect does histamine have on blood vessels?

  It causes vasodilation and increased permeability
• What are prostaglandins produced by?

  Various cells
• What roles do prostaglandins play in inflammation?

  They contribute to vasodilation, pain, and fever
• What are cytokines?

  Signaling proteins like interleukins and TNF
• How do cytokines affect immune cells?

  They modulate their activity and promote inflammation
• What are the main chemical mediators of inflammation and their functions?

  • Histamine: Released by mast cells; causes vasodilation and increased vascular permeability
  • Prostaglandins: Produced by various cells; contribute to vasodilation, pain, and fever
  • Cytokines: Such as interleukins and TNF; modulate immune cell activity and promote inflammation
• What is the overall role of chemical mediators in inflammation?

  They regulate the inflammatory response