Cell organelles

• The nucleus controls cell activity through transcription of DNA which contain instructions to make protein
• The nuclear envelope keeps the shape of the nucleus and regulates flow of molecules in and out of the nucleus through pores
• Nucleolus is where ribosomes are made
• The cytoplasm keeps the cells shape and contains enzymes so is the site of many chemical reactions
• The cell membrane regulates movement of substances in and out of the cell
• golgi apparatus is a series of membrane bound flattened sacs that are involved in the modification and packaging of proteins. They have vesicles at the edges.
• Vesicles store lipids and proteins made by the Golgi apparatus and transport them out of the cell through the cell membrane
• Lysosome contain digestive enzymes which break down waste material inside the cell
• Rough endoplasmic reticulum fold and package proteins produced at the Ribosomes
• Smooth endoplasmic reticulum synthesises and processes lipids
• Mitochondria produce ATP (energy) from glucose, fats and amino acids using oxygen as an electron acceptor. They are rod shaped and have a double membrane
• Cytoskeleton gives structure to the cytoplasm and helps move things around the cell. It consists of microtubules, intermediate filaments and microfilaments
• Ribosomes make proteins and are found free floating in the cytoplasm or attached to the rough ER
• Chloroplasts convert light energy into chemical energy during photosynthesis. They are flattened sacs called thylakoids stacked together to form grana. The stroma is where most reactions take place
• Centrioles consist of 2 bundles of microtubules at right angles to eachother. They are involved in the formation of cilia and unidopdia
• A vacuole keeps the cell turgid
• Cell walls support cells and prevent them from changing shape. They are made of cellulose in plants and algae and chitin in fungi