Circulatory System

• Arteries have thick, elastic walls that allow them to withstand the high pressure of blood pumped by the heart.
• Veins are thinner than arteries but still contain smooth muscle tissue and valves to prevent backflow of blood.
• Erythrocytes are red blood cells and are anucleate.
• Hemoglobin carries and deposits oxygen
• Lymphocytes are white blood cells.
• Granulocytes have granules while agranulocytes don't have granules and a spherical, oval, or kidney-shaped nucleus
• Granules are particles in the cell's cytoplasm that show up as dots.
• Hematopoiesis is the sites of blood cell formation
• Blood cells formed are formed in the liver and spleen of a fetus.
• Blood cells are formed in the myeloid tissue in adults.
• Hemocytoblasts are stem cells that forms blood cells
• Erythropoietin is a hormone that stimulates productions of RBC
• Erythropoietin is produced in the kidneys and liver
• RBCs are broken down in the spleen or liver
• Hemostasis is the process of stopping the bleeding that results from a break in a blood vessel.
• Vascular spasms are triggered by a cut; contraction of smooth muscle fibers and narrows the blood vessel; lasts 30 minutes
• Platelet plug formation. 1) Platelet Adhesion 2) Chemicals are released to attract more platelets 3) Platelet Aggregation
• Coagulation is blood clotting
• The role of thromboplastin is to help with the production of prothrombin
• The role of prothrombin is to convert prothrombin into thrombin
• The role of thrombin is to cut fibrinogen into fibrin
• The role of fibrin is to form long threads to trap blood cells
• Where does the recycling of RBC's take place?

  Liver and spleen
• A thrombus is a clot in an unbroken blood vessel
• An embolus is a thrombus that breaks away and floats freely in the bloodstream
• Thrombocytopenia is a disorder concerning a low number of circulating platelets; Symptoms: bleeding lasts a long time and blood in urine or stool
• Hemophilia is a disorder where normal clotting factors are missing; minor damage can cause life-threatening prolonged bleeding
• What is hemoglobin broken down to?

  Heme(iron) and globin(protein)
• Where does iron go when hemoglobin is broken down?

  Bone marrow or liver
• Where does the broken-down heme go?

  Biliverdin-> bilirubin->bile
• Blood type A

  A antigen; B antibodies; an donate to A an AB; can receive A and O
• Blood type B


  B antigen; A antibodies; can donate to B and AB; can receive B and O
• Body type AB


  A and B antigen; no antibodies; can donate to AB; can receive A, B, AB, or O
• Blood type O

  No antigens; A and B antibodies; can donate to A, B, AB, and O; can receive O
• Agglutination is the clumping that occurs when antibodies and antigens come together
• Agglutination helps to identify blood types
• The left side of the heat has oxygenated blood
• The right side of the heart carries deoxygenated blood.
• The atria receives blood.
• The ventricles pump blood