Global migration

• Currently 4% of world's population live outside their country of origin

  > Economic migrants - seeking work and social opportunities in other countries (long term)

  > Refugees - fleeing conflict zones (short term)

  > Asylum seekers - seeking international citizenship

  > Immigrant - enters a foreign country permanently

  > Emigrant - leaves their personal country permanently

  > Migration - the movement of people over distance from a source to a host country
• Key words

  Multiculturalism

  Globalisation

  Brain drain

  Migrant remittances

  Humanitarianism

  Populism - building walls, lack of human interconnectivity, increase in divide

  Development gap - increasing gap between ACs and LIDCs

  Diaspora - population that is scattered across regions separate from its geographic place of origin
• Current spacial patterns in migration

  > 2023 UKs net migration was 700,000 where over 80% was from non EU residents

  > Other countries in EU such as Germany and Spain have a high net migration due to manufacturing sectors, stable politics, quality education and stable climates

  > Largest net migration loss is high in Lebanon, Jordan, Chad due to poverty and droughts

  • high in areas of conflict in Ukraine: 6 million Ukrainian refugees were registered across Europe, 2023
• Total population change

  amount of births - amount of deaths

  amount of immigrants - amount of emigrants
• Inter-regional migration(NE)


  the movement between regions of a country

  Syria to Europe:

  • refugees fleeing from civil war and urbicide which started in 2011
  • self proclaimed islamic state
  • 6 million refugees
  • 13 million displaced internally
  • Turkey have housed the most refugees due to close geographical proximity
  • 100,000 reached Europe - has more intervening obstacles such as the Mediterranean, cost of transportation and trafficking
• Intra - regional migration (NE)

  the movement of migrants within a region, continent or trade bloc

  e.g: Poland to UK

  • Schengen visa allows free movement of EU citizens within the trade bloc, dissolving borders
  • 1.7 million resident in an EU country migrated to another within the bloc
  • EU enlargement in 2004 enabled many eastern countries under Soviet control to join after it collapsed in 1991 including Poland and Hungary
  • Euramus+ an EU programme, influencing migration patterns, that can help you travel to work or study in another country
• Intervening factors

  money, climate, languages, resources, trafficking, religious and cultural barriers, health, border control, geographical proximity
• Push factors - conflict, persecution, poverty, natural disasters

  Pull factors - healthcare, education, money, job prospects, lifestyle
• Benefits of migration on the source country

  • migrant remittances can provide household income, help narrow the development gap and stimulate local investments generating a local multiplier effect
  • migrant remittances are source of Foreign exchange contributing to source countries economic stability
  • skills and knowledge of returning migrants help benefit countries productive sectors
  • returning migrants have new values including democracy and equality contributing to conflict resolution
  • increased relationship with host country which enable bottom-up approaches to their development
• Drawbacks of migration on the source country

  
  

  • migrant remittances can increase inequalities between families
  • brain drain and loss of human resources as young, educated individuals migrate, causing an economic spiral
  • redistribution of demographics resulting in an ageing population with a decline in birth rates
• Benefits of migration on the host country

  • GDP and tax base can be increased by working migrants
  • migrants act as consumers stimulating local economies
  • can introduce new cultures, increasing multiculturalism
  • migrants fill gaps in the labour market
  • youthful migrant populations can stabilise demographics and growth
  • create new social and professional networks which increase flow of skills, finances and ideas to country
• Drawbacks of migration on the host country

  • lack of social cohesion and discrimination may uprise due to contrasting cultures and language barriers
  • international borders and political tension may arise with increasing occurrence of illegal migration, smuggling and trafficking
  • high concentration of asylum seekers and migrants places pressure on resources, housing and health care services
• Increasing complexities

  
  

  Magnitude of south-south migration is equal to south-north due to economic globalisation, technology and opportunities provided by business networks in developing countries.

  • migrants may also be redirected at Northern borders
  • it is cheaper than migrating to advanced, distant countries

  Examples:

  1. Burkino Faso to Ivory Coast
  2. Myanmar to Thailand
• Why is there an increase in the magnitude of female migrants?

  
  

  > increased in Caribbean, Latin America and Europe

  > Support from US aid and UN women

  > changing norms of society - increase in independence and economic status to freely migrate

  > governing admissions enable females to stabilise reproductive demograph of populations
• South-South migration NE: Burkina Faso to Ivory Coast (LIDCs)


  example of intra-regional international migration

  • 1.5 million born in Faso living in Ivory
  • Faso is landlocked with low income and a GDP per capita of $893
  • bordered by Ivory with a GDP per capita of $2500 so has close geographical proximity
  • Ivory has more fertile landscapes with open agricultural market - world's largest exporter of cocoa
  • former french colonisation in both countries lead to a shared language, currency and culture
• South-South migration NE : Myanmar to Thailand (LIDC to EDC)


  example of intra-regional international migration

  • largest ASEAN migrant corridor
  • involves 1.9 million migrants
  • Myanmar population are a diaspora globally
  • government in Myanmar enforce forced labour in projects for development like railway construction
  • Thailand is southeast Asia's fastest growing economy and needs to fill labour shortages in agriculture and fisheries
  • Thailand has a daily minimum wage of $9, x10 amount Myanmar offers
  • close geographical proximity between the two countries
• Development of bilateral migration 


  bilateral migration - the migrant flow between two countries

  • former colonial influence - shared language and currency
  • migration policies and economic unions
  • established diaspora communities and networks
  • efficiency and cost of sending remittances
  • stimulation and filled labour gaps in each economy
  • ease of access, travel costs and communication between the two countries
  • strengthened political ties between countries in bilateral corridor
• Migration policies and the influence on migrant flows

  • Emigration policy - Pakistan
  • Immigration policy - Canada
• Emigration policy NE: Pakistan (EDC)


  > Pro emigration government

  > migrant remittances accounted for $8300 million in 2022 which aids socio-economic development

  > 64% of population are under 30

  working with ILO overseas:

  • training institutions to help young Pakistani prepare for working abroad
  • encourage female participation in overseas employment
  • to protect rights of workers and basic human rights

  aims to increase economic remittances and skills of returning migrants for socio-economic development in their country
• Immigration policy NE: Canada (AC)


  > Pro Immigration

  > policy helps fills gaps in labour market

  > need for long-term service workers: engineers, IT and healthcare

  > agreed to take 10,000 Syrian refugees over a 3 year period from 2015

  > employers in 20s and graduates are favoured in the 1200 paint scheme
• Interdependence -interrelationships between ACs, EDCs and LIDCs through trade , FDI and migration
• Migration is the movement of people over distance from a source to a host country
• Migration - the movement of people over distance from a source to a host country