CSMP

• Place - an area associated with identity and meaning

  Space - a fixed location with connections, flows of people, ideas and wealth
• 6 place characteristics

  Built environment

  Physical geography

  Political

  Cultural

  Demography

  Socio-economic
• 5 factors of place perception


  > Age: changes in a persons life cycle/ changes their needs with places (moving from urban to rural for retirement)

  changes in their perception of danger - child to a city

  > Sexuality: communities cluster in city zones for a sense of identity (Gay village in Manchester, Brighton)

  > Gender: influences the way two groups can move around and use different places

  (women -domestic/home)

  (men - factories and urban areas)
• 5 factors of place perception

  > Religion: locations given spiritual meanings providing sense of belonging, security and safety (Jerusalem, Mecca)

  > Role: influences our perceptions of a location and how we behave (behaving differently at school than at home)
• Informal vs Formal representation

  Formal - objective and reliable

  closely links representations with statistics

  • census, data, news

  Informal -subjective and bias

  • movies, TV, photos

  the way place is represented by media influences how we feel about it

  it is based on an individuals understanding of a place and can vary due to factors like age, gender
• NE: The Kurds - an emotional attachment to a place


  • 2 million living across Asia as a diaspora
  • spread across Turkey, Iraq, Iran and Syria
  • police brutal, oppression of culture
  • 30,000 killed by Turkish Army after rebellion
  • if promised homeland was restored, countries risk losing resources and territory resulting a domino effect with other marginalised populations
• > Globalisation - increasing interconnectedness between people, places and global economy

  > Time-space compression - transport, communications and technology is faster making world 'smaller' = a global village

  > Some benefit this interconnectedness - winners

  feel a sense of dislocation - losers
• Jordon, West Africa - example of a 'loser' from globalisation and economic shifts 


  consumer values adopted by western culture resulting in poverty and abandoned Islamic and Arabic identity

  • sweat shops (nike, zara) in EDCs (Brazil) provide little protection for workers rights
• > Social inequality - unequal distribution of wealth and power within society

  > Spacial inequality - unequal distribution of resources and services across different locations

  > Quality of life - extent which people's needs and desires are met (politically, socially and economically)

  > Standard of living - ability to access services and goods

  > Cycle of deprivation
• Reasons for social inequality

  • government policy bias
  • development gaps (North/South) intra-nationally and internationally
  • health, education, politics, service and housing access
• Global shift

  > shift from secondary sectors to tertiary and quaternary sectors

  > result from globalisation and deindustrialisation

  > relocation of manufacturing productions

  > containerisation and trade links

  > New international division of labour (NIDL) shift

  • ACs recovered with tertiary sectors to avoid economic decline
  • TNCs created labour in LIDCs generating a multiplier effect
  • resulted in cultural erosion, dislocation of individuals, broadened sense of place through media

  NE: Birmingham research park
• NE: Birmingham research park - impacts of the global economic shift

  > before de-industrialisation produced cars

  > initiative to boost economy and employment as a result of global economic shift

  > attaches Uni of Birmingham and Birmingham city council

  >networking with Queen Elizabeth hospital, increasing job prospects for young workers, creating a bio hub

  +) makes Birmingham a world city with global connections

  -) risks uneven development as a city

  -) green belt reduced, increased traffic congestion risks

  -) locals displaced as local area changes - existing ageing population
• Economic booms and recessions

  > natural part of a capitalist society

  > high areas of education, technological innovation and cooperating governments encourage booms (NE: Silicon Valley)

  > Recessions can be caused by war, increased costs of living, natural disasters (1920s Wall Street crash, narrowing development gap)
• Social inequality - unequal distribution of wealth and power within society
• Aims of rebranding

  Social

  • diversity / multiculturalism
  • change demographics

  economic

  • generate a multiplier effect after deindustrialisation

  Environmental

  • improve infrastructure
  • green belt protection
  • clean brownfield sites
• Why might rebranding be contested?

  • cultural erosion
  • delocalise residents
  • gentrification
  • change character of a place
  • rising prices /rents due to desirability
  • stakeholders may be favoured over demands of local residents
• Elements involved in process of rebranding

  • Art / music - Glastonbury festival contribute economically and culturally to the image of the place they are based
  • Sport - Olympic games , world Cup , Formula one can be a catalyst to start rebranding
  • Food - Ludlow market town, Shropshire
  • Architecture - reinforce a heritage look or promote a modern appearance (Covent Garden) or reuse existing buildings altering use and perception of place
  • Heritage - revitalise a place with rich heritage in the region, history and monuments (Lake district - romantic poets)
  • Retail developments - Selfridges
• Suggest two ways that time-space compression can influence our sese of place

  > cultural erosion and dislocation:

  • drive out residents/ local businesses due to TNC monopoly/ glocalisation effect

  > easier flows of people, ideas and tech across the globe:

  • holidays
  • migration
  • increasing ethnic diversity influencing the cultural and built environment

  > improved transport/ communication:

  • interconnectedness to globe physically
  • improved trade and FDI
  • overcomes spatial barriers
• Formal vs informal represenation

  formal - census, demographic and google maps

  informal - tv/films, literature, media, photographs

  • reliability / accuracy
  • pushing different agendas - bias
  • why has it been represented this way
• time-space compression :

  • shrinking world effect - global village
  • distances are not relevant
  • increasing interconnectedness
• Rebranding may cause pressure on housing / resource prices for locals
• Role of governments/ organisations in placemaking

  • TNC growth is used for inward investment and source of FDI
  • BUT are placeless and remove a locations identity

  Top down approach - flagship development

  large scale

  exclude locals

  e.g: Hitachi rail Europe - accelerates globalisation of rail systems and worldwide networks
• Role of architects/ planners

  • agenda = money not bothered about long term development of a place
  • facilitate populations and people
• role of local community groups in rebranding

  • environmental landscapes heritage, traffic, parking of respidents
  • Digital placemaking - shape peoples perception of a place
  • national trust
• culture / sexuality :

  built environment

  types of social groups influences types of clubs

  communities gather for festivals