Biomolecules

• Biomolecules are very large molecules of many atoms covalently together, all biomolecules contain carbon (C), these are substances which are present exclusively in the living organisms.
• Carbohydrates are very important sources of energy for any physical body function.
• Carbohydrates can be classified into Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, and Polysaccharides.
• Monosaccharides are simple sugars made up of three to seven carbons, they exist as a linear chain or as ring-shaped molecules.
• DNA Sequencing is a technology that allows researchers to determine the order of bases in a DNA sequence.
• DNA Replication is the process by which a molecule of DNA is duplicated.
• DNA Sequencing can be used to determine the order of bases in genes, chromosomes, or an entire genome.
• When a cell divides, it must first duplicate its genome so that each daughter cell winds up with a complete set of chromosomes.
• Humans have 3 pairs of chromosomes, which are found inside the cell's nucleus.
• Examples of Monosaccharides include Glucose (C6H12O6), Galactose (found in milk sugar), and Fructose (fruit sugar).
• Disaccharides are sugars formed when two monosaccharides undergo a dehydration reaction (a condensation reaction).
• Sucrose is the most common disaccharide and is composed of the monomers glucose and fructose.
• Examples of Disaccharides include Lactose (milk sugar) and Maltose (malt sugar).
• Polysaccharides are a long chain of monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds, the chain may be branched or unbranched and can contain many types of monosaccharides.
• Polysaccharides are also known as glycose.
• Examples of Polysaccharides include Glycogen (stored sugar in animals), Cellulose, and Starch (energy storage).
• Lipids are a group of water-insoluble compounds which include fats, glycerol, phospholipids, steroids, oils.
• Fatty acids are simple lipids made up of carboxyl group and a variable group, R.
• Fats may be saturated (having single bonds) or unsaturated (having double bonds) and can be unhealthy but essential to plants and animals for important functions.
• Lipids can be classified into Triglycerides, Phospholipids, and Sphingolipids.
• Cholesterol is the most important steroid and is the precursor to vitamin D, testosterone, estrogen, progesterone, aldosterone, cortisol, and bile salts steroids.
• Deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA carries the hereditary information and is made up of molecules called nucleotides.
• Proteins make up the majority of biomolecules present in a cell and are responsible for many enzymatic functions in the cell and play an important structural role.
• Amino acids are the building blocks of protein and are composed of a carboxyl group and an amino group bound to a central carbon atom.
• Steroids are lipids because they are hydrophobic and insoluble in water.
• If the structure resembles a ladder, the phosphate and sugar molecules would be the sides, while the bases would be the rungs.
• Each nucleotide contains a phosphate group, a sugar group and a nitrogen base.
• Nucleic acids are the genetic materials present in an organism which includes DNA and RNA.
• The bases on one strand pair with the bases on another strand.
• Adenine ( A ) pairs with thymine ( T ), guanine ( G ) pairs with cytosine ( C ).
• The order of these bases is what determines DNA's instructions, or genetic code.
• A double helix is a spiral structure formed by 2 long strands of nucleotides joined together.
• Steroids play roles in reproduction, absorption, metabolism regulation, and brain activity.
• Triglycerides are a glycerol combined with fatty acids, it includes fats and oil, and is stored in the body as body fat.
• Nucleosides are combination of pentose sugar with a nitrogenous base (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, and uracil ) by N - glycosidic bond.
• Nucleic acids are the combination materials of nitrogenous bases, sugar molecules and phosphate group linked by different bonds.
• Nucleotides ( DNA and RNA ) are combination of nucleosides with a phosphate group.
• Phospholipids are lipids consisting of phosphorus group along with the organic chain, they are major components of the plasma membrane, the outermost layer of animal cells, contain fatty acids, glycerol, nitrogen bases, phosphoric acid, and other substituents, and contain phosphorus in the form of phosphoric acid groups.
• The molecular structure of Phospholipids is polar, consisting of one hydrophilic head group and two hydrophobic tails.