Chemical Analysis

• Formulations are mixtures that have been carefully deigned to have specific properties
• Rf value = distance moved by substance / distance moved by solvent
• Hydrogen gas test

  burns with a squeaky pop
• Chlorine gas test

  bleaches litmus paper white
• Oxygen gas

  relights a glowing splint
• Carbon dioxide gas

  when bubbled through limewater, turns the limewater cloudy
• Flame emission spectroscopy is used to analyse solutions that contain metal ions
• Copper flame test

  turns green
• Calcium flame test

  orange- red
• lithium flame test

  crimson
• potassium flame test

  lilac
• sodium flame test

  yellow
• calcium and NaOH

  white precipitate
• Magnesium and NaOH

  white precipitate
• Copper (II) and NaOH

  blue precipitate
• iron (II) and NaOH

  green precipitate
• chloride ion and silver nitrate in nitric acid

  white precipitate
• bromide ion and silver nitrate in nitric acid

  cream
• iodide ion and silver nitrate in nitric acid

  yellow precipitate
• aluminium and NaOH


  white precipitate, in excess dissolves
• Test for sulfate ions

  1. add dilute hydrochloric acid
  2. Add barium chloride solution
  3. White precipitate
• test for halides

  1. add dilute nitric acid
  2. add dilute silver nitrate solution
• test for carbonates

  1. add dilute acid
  2. collect gas
  3. bubble through limewater
• test for metal ions


  sodium hydroxide

  flame test
• How does chromatography work?


  The solvent moves through the paper and carries different compounds different distances depending on their attraction to the paper and the solvent