exam 1 (ch 1-4)

• Which type of glia synchronizes the activity of a related group of axons?

  Astrocytes
• Which type of glia cell removes dead neurons and prunes ineffective synapses?

  Microglia
• Of the three types of neuron—sensory, motor, and interneuron—which would have the shortest axons?

  interneuron
• How do glucose and amino acids cross the blood–brain barrier?

  the membrane has proteins that actively transport these into the brain
• What do dendritic spines do?

  they increase the surface area available for synapses
• what is the function of an astrocyte?

  they synchronize the activity of a group of neurons
• When the membrane is at rest, ____ ions are more concentrated OUTSIDE the cell and ___ is more concentrated INSIDE the cell?

  Na+; K+
• When the membrane is at rest, the concentration gradient tends to drive ____ ions OUT of the cell?

  K+
• during the AP, sodium ions move ____ the cell?

  into
• as the membrane reaches the peak of AP, what brings the membrane down to original resting potential?

  K+ exiting the cell
• What ion gates in the membrane open during an EPSP?

  Na+ gates
• What ion gates in the membrane open during an IPSP?

  Cl- gates
• Can an inhibitory message flow along an axon?

  No, only APs propagate along an axon. IPSPs decay over time/distance
• Although one pinch did not cause a dog to flex its leg, a rapid sequence of pinches did. Sherrington cited this observation as evidence for what?

  temporal summation
• Name the three catecholamine neurotransmitters?


  epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine
• ______(meta/iono) effects act more quickly and more briefly?

  Ionotropic
• Motor nerves leave from which side of the spinal cord, dorsal or ventral?

  ventral
• Most of the cranial nerves connect to which brain area?

  medulla, pons
• Which area provides most of the input to the cerebral cortex?

  thalamus
• what part of brain is a bulge in the cortex?

  gyrus
• What is the function of the ventral roots of the spinal cord?

  they control motor output
• The side effects of most cold remedies demonstrate the effects of what?

  sympathetic nervous system
• Which of these controls breathing, heart rate, and salivation?

  cranial nerves
• hippocampus is part of the?

  forebrain
• Which brain area controls the secretions from the pituitary gland?

  hypothalamus
• What do the ventricles contain?

  CSF
• Which lobe of the cerebral cortex includes the primary auditory cortex?

  temporal lobe
• Which lobe of the cerebral cortex includes the primary somatosensory cortex?

  parietal lobe
• Which lobe of the cerebral cortex includes the primary visual cortex?

  occipital lobe
• Which lobe of the cerebral cortex includes the primary motor cortex?

  frontal lobe
• Which area occupies about the same percentage of the brain in almost all mammals?

  cerebellum
• The cerebral cortex has (at most) how many laminae?

  6
• Where is the primary somatosensory cortex?

  postcentral gyrus
• Which human cortical area is specialized for hearing, language, and face recognition?

  temporal lobe
• Where is the primary motor cortex?

  precentral gyrus
• Which cortical area is specialized for choosing the action with the best probable outcome? prefrontal cortex
• what detects the percentage of hemoglobin lacking oxygen?

  fMRI
• The presynaptic terminal stores large concentrations of neurotransmitters in?

  vesicles
• which postsynaptic potential has Sodium (Na+) flowing into the cell?

  EPSP
• which postsynaptic potential has K+ leaving the cell?

  IPSP