Block 2

• what type of cell can you see in acute inflammation?

  neutrophil
• What type of cell do you see in chronic inflammation?

  mononuclear leukocytes such as lymphocyte, macrophages and plasma cell
• women with sputum sample positive for tuberculosis, what type of cell do you see in the biopsy?

  epithelioid cell
• chest x-ray reveals pulmonary edema, fluid accumulation mechanism?

  contraction of endothelium
• final step in evolution of cell into malignancy?

  P53 mutation
• 40-year old man with bcl2 antibody positive lymphoma, mechanism of development?

  lack of apoptosis
• strep infection causing murmur and high ESR and microbial cell opsonization, chemical mediator?

  CRP
• sialyl lewis x defect is caused by?

  neutrophil rolling issue
• 5 year old child with burn blisters- has exudate or transudate?

  exudate
• factor for breast cancer metastatic invasion into lymph nodes?

  laminin receptor
• How to differentiate polyp between neoplasia and hyperplasia?

  look at gene rearrangement
• Cancer not responding to chemotherapy - why?

  BRCA GOF mutation
• what is the mechanism of Nm and Nn?

  activation (opening) of Na/K channels
• What is causing thrombus clot formation to local injury by inducing platelet aggregation?

  thromboxane A2
• Question about cell changes in the esophagus due to acid reflux, what kind of metaplasia?

  metaplasia, they change from simple to columnar which will be the intestinal type
• what do you see in a granulomatous (caseous) inflammatory lesion?

  collection of macrophages (caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis)
• which of the following cytokines is involved in fibroblast proliferation and inflammation repair response?

  platelet derived growth factors
• during wound healing, which of the fibroblast types come first?

  type 3 comes first then is later replaced by type 1
• what type of stem cell will be produced when fibroblast is used to synthesize new stem cells using transcription factors like SOX 2?

  totipotent stem cell
• patient with squamous cell carcinoma of the lung, what will it produce?

  parathyroid hormone related peptide (PTHrP) with hypercalcemia
• retinoblastoma gene mutation, R2F related, what disease can be associated with this condition?


  osteosarcoma, CDK 4, 6, 2
• Question about adenoma carcinoma sequence of colonic cancer, which genetic mutation occur last?

  P53
• angiosarcoma (hepatic) is caused by?

  vinyl chloride
• chadiak-higashi is defect in what?

  phagolysosome function (Lyst protein)
• Sarcoma -> Mesenchymal cell origin -> hematogenous spread
• carcinoma -> epithelial cell origin -> lymphatic spread
• TGF-beta -> cause fibroblast to lay down collagen
• PDGF promotes?

  wound healing (scar tissue or fibrosis)
• HER2neu causes?

  proliferation or migration
• stable cell are in what phase?

  G0 phase (liver) compensatory hyperplasia
• what does IL8 do?

  attract neutrophils
• PGE2 causes what?

  fever
• what type of signal is in chronic inflammation?

  IL12 and IFN-gamma - causes macrophage activation
• acute inflammation is signal by what?

  TNF-alpha, IL1, IL6 - sepsis/septic shock and serum amyloid
• myeloperoxidase deficiency - what are you susceptible to?

  candida infection
• chronic granulomatous disease -> NADPH oxidase defect

  • recurrent infection of cat + bacteria
  • nitroblue test (blue is good)
• what drug is contraindicated with narrow angular glaucoma?

  atropine because of antimuscarinic effect
• women has myasthenia gravis, she went through endophorium challenge, increase in muscle strength was observed. What is the next recommended step of treatment?

  increase the dosage
• a scientist introduces a drug that decrease blood pressure, increase HR, dilates pupil, reduce gastrointestinal motility, decrease salvation, which of the following drug is most likely to produce this effect?

  hexamethonium - ganglionic blocker
• diabetic patient requires ocular administration of atropine, administration of atropine into the eye produces?

  mydriasis - causes dilation