Proteins

• The quaternary structure of a protein refers to the arrangement of multiple polypeptide chains or subunits in a protein complex.
• The two main stages of protein synthesis are transcription (DNA to RNA) and translation (RNA to protein).
• Transcription occurs in the nucleus, while translation takes place on ribosomes in the cytoplasm.
• The secondary structure results from hydrogen bonds between the amino acid residues, forming alpha helices or beta pleated sheets.
• The primary structure of a protein refers to the linear sequence of amino acids held together by peptide bonds.
• Protein synthesis is the process by which proteins are made.
• The tertiary structure of a protein is stabilized by various types of interactions, including hydrogen bonds, disulfide bonds, and hydrophobic interactions.
• Examples of proteins with quaternary structure include hemoglobin and antibodies.
• Protein folding is the process by which a linear chain of amino acids folds into its functional three-dimensional shape, influenced by factors such as hydrophobic interactions, disulfide bonds, electrostatic forces, van der Waals forces, and hydrogen bonding.
• Different types of proteins have different functions based on their unique structures and properties.
• Transcription is the process by which DNA is transcribed into mRNA, while translation is the process by which mRNA is translated into proteins.
• Initiation involves the binding of ribosomes to the start codon on the mRNA molecule.
• Peptides are formed when an amine group reacts with a carboxyl group.
• Amino acids are joined together through condensation reactions to form a polypeptide chain.
• Amino acids have different side chains that determine their properties.
• There are 20 common amino acids found in all living organisms.
• Structural proteins provide support and strength to cells and tissues.
• Elongation occurs when transfer RNAs (tRNAs) bring specific amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain according to the genetic code.
• The 4 types of biomacromolecules are, lipid, carbohydrates, nucleic acid, and polypeptide/proteins.
• Amino acid chemical structure is composed of a central carbon atom linked of together with a basic amino group, a carboxylic group, a hydrogen atom, and an R-group (side chain group)