Cardiovascular

• Cardiac muscle tissue consists of involuntary muscle tissue with automaticity.
• The AV valves are located between the atria and ventricles, while the semilunar valves are located between the ventricles and great vessels.
• The interventricular septum separates the RV from LV.
• The heart is divided into four chambers, including the right atrium (RA), left atrium (LA), right ventricle (RV), and left ventricle (LV).
• The cerebellum is responsible for coordinating voluntary movements and maintaining balance and posture.
• The cerebellum is responsible for coordinating voluntary movements and maintaining posture and balance.
• The medulla oblongata is the most inferior part of the brainstem, located below the pons.
• The right side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs through the pulmonary trunk (pulmonary artery), while the left side of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it out to the rest of the body through the aorta.
• Blood is pumped into the right atrium by deoxygenated venous blood returning from the systemic circulation via the superior vena cava and inferior vena cava.
• The right coronary artery supplies blood to the SA node, AV node, and posterior wall of the heart.
• Atrial systole occurs when both atria contract simultaneously, forcing blood into the ventricles.
• The left circumflex artery supplies blood to the lateral wall of the heart.
• The epicardium is the outermost layer of the heart wall that covers all structures except the endocardial surface of the heart valves.
• The myocardium is composed of cardiac muscle cells arranged in bundles called fascicles or trabeculae carneae.
• The right atrium contracts, forcing blood through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle.
• The right ventricle then contracts, pushing blood through the pulmonary semilunar valve into the pulmonary trunk (pulmonary artery) and onward to the lungs.
• Oxygenated blood returns from the lungs to the left atrium via the pulmonary veins.
• The right ventricle contracts and ejects blood into the pulmonary trunk (pulmonary artery) which carries blood to the lungs where carbon dioxide is removed and oxygen is added.
• Ventricular diastole begins with the closure of semilunar valves and ends with the opening of atrioventricular valves.
• During ventricular systole, the ventricles contract, causing pressure to increase and pushing open the semilunar valves.
• Semilunar valve closes during ventricular diastole as the ventricle relaxes and pressure decreases.
• The left anterior descending artery supplies blood to the septum and anterior wall of the heart.
• During ventricular systole, the ventricles contract simultaneously, pushing blood out of the heart through the pulmonary trunk and aorta.
• The pericardium consists of three layers: parietal pericardium, visceral pericardium, and fibrous pericardium.
• The myocardium is composed of cardiac muscle cells arranged in bundles called fascicles.
• The pulmonary veins carry oxygen-rich blood from the lungs back to the left atrium.
• The pericardium consists of two layers - the parietal pericardium (outer) and visceral pericardium (inner).
• The interventricular septum separates the left and right ventricles.
• The pericardium consists of three layers: parietal (outer), visceral (inner), and serous fluid between them.
• The right ventricular contraction pushes blood out of the heart through the pulmonary semilunar valve and into the pulmonary trunk.
• The right ventricle has thinner walls than the left ventricle due to lower pressure.
• The coronary sinus drains blood from the coronary veins back into the right atrium.
• The left atrium contracts, forcing blood through the bicuspid valve into the left ventricle.
• The right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood out of the heart via the pulmonary trunk.
• The left ventricle then contracts, pushing blood through the aortic semilunar valve into the aorta and out to the rest of the body.
• Blood returning from the body enters the superior vena cava and inferior vena cava, both emptying into the right atrium.
• Blood returning from the systemic circulation enters the right atrium via the superior vena cava and inferior vena cava.
• The left ventricle pumps blood out of the heart through the aorta, which branches off into smaller vessels throughout the body.
• The coronary circulation supplies blood to the heart itself.
• Atrial systole begins with the closing of atrioventricular valves and ends with the opening of semilunar valves.