Animal kingdom

• The animal kingdom is a diverse group of organisms with variations in morphology and structure, genetic makeup etc.
• All animals are heterotrophs, meaning they cannot make their food like autotrophs, and instead, they meet their nutrition requirements by consuming organisms that sit lower than them on the food chain.
• Animals are eukaryotes and multicellular, with specially evolved tissue structure that enables them to perform an array of functions.
• Animals are divided into herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores based on their diet choice.
• Intracellular digestion occurs within food vacuoles within cells, with the digestive process being facilitated by lysosomal enzymes.
• Extracellular digestion occurs outside of cells in the alimentary canal, with salivary, gastric, pancreatic, and intestinal enzymes being secreted into the digestive cavity.
• Products of intracellular digestion are diffused into the cytoplasm through the vacuolar membrane.
• Ingestion in intracellular digestion occurs through pinocytic vesicles, which are found in protozoans, sponges, and coelenterates.
• Digested food material in extracellular digestion is absorbed into the blood through gut epithelia.
• Unlike plants, animals are motile or capable of movement as they need to gather their food from external sources.
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• Oviparous and Viviparous are two terms related to the reproductive system of animals.
• Animals have specially evolved organs which facilitate them to catch or avoid their prey.
• Most members of kingdom Animalia carry out sexual reproduction, where the sperm and egg fuse to form a zygote.
• Fertilization may be internal or external.
• In some animals such as mammals, the offspring resembles the adult.
• Other animals like insects and amphibians pass through several larval stages.
• Kingdom Animalia is further classified into subgroups based on cellular arrangement, tissue or organ system organization, body symmetry, absence or presence of body cavity, and segmentation.
• Members of kingdom Animalia fall into the following categories: Phylum Porifera, which includes asymmetrical animals such as sponges, are marine animals with a cellular level of organization, pores in their body, and no separate sexes, so asexual reproduction takes place.
• Phylum Arthropoda, which includes insects, is one of the largest groups.
• Annelida have a closed circulatory system, neural system and organs that help in osmoregulation and excretion.
• Specialized cells for osmoregulation and excretion are present in Platyhelminthes.
• Examples of Aschelminthes include Ascaris, Ancylostoma.
• Roundworms have organ level organization, are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic and pseudocoelomate.
• Platyhelminthes have organ level organization, are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic and acoelomate.
• Ctenophorans have external ciliated comb plates which facilitate locomotion.
• Some members of Phylum Platyhelminthes take their nutrition from a host animal.
• Echinoderms have a fully formed digestive system, mouth and anus.
• Phylum Cnidaria includes mostly aquatic, common in marine habitats.
• Phylum Ctenophora, also known as sea walnuts or comb jellies, are radially symmetrical, diploblastic with tissue level organisms.
• Digestion in Cnidarians takes place both intracellular and extracellular.
• Phylum Mollusca, which includes terrestrial or aquatic organisms with organ system organization who are dioecious and oviparous, have a body separated into a head, muscular foot and visceral hump.
• Cnidarians have two body types: polyp and medusa.
• Members of Phylum Arthropoda share the following features: exoskeleton, head, thorax, abdomen, jointed appendages, respiratory organs such as gills, tracheal system, etc, open circulatory system, sensory organs like antennae, eyes, etc, malpighian tubes through which excretion takes place.
• Cnidarians are symmetrical animals with tissue-level organization, a gastro-vascular cavity, and a mouth on hypostome.
• The anterior head of Mollusca contains sensory organs, and the mouth has a file-like rasping organ, feathery gills.