Carbon

• When soap is added to water, the soap molecules uniquely orient themselves to form spherical shape micelles.
• Sulphur has a puckered ring structure.
• Carbon, sulphur and silicon show catenation up to 8 atoms in the form of molecules.
• The non-polar hydrophobic part or tail of the soap molecules attracts the dirt or oil part of the fabric, while the polar hydrophilic part or head, , remains attracted to water molecules.
• The agitation or scrubbing of the fabric helps the micelles to carry the oil or dirt particles and detach them from the fibres of the fabric.
• Hard water contains salts of calcium and magnesium, principally as bicarbonates, chlorides, and sulphates.
• When soap is added to hard water, calcium and magnesium ions of hard water react with soap forming insoluble curdy white precipitates of calcium and magnesium salts of fatty acids.
• These precipitates stick to the fabric being washed and hence, interfere with the cleaning ability of the soap.
• Carbon and its compounds have difficulty forming a stable ion due to the large number of protons and electrons in the ion.
• Ionic bonding involves the transfer of valence electron/s, primarily between a metal and a nonmetal.
• Ionic compounds are usually crystalline solids (made of ions), have high melting and boiling points, conduct electricity when melted, and are mostly soluble in water and polar solvents.
• A covalent bond is formed when pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms.
• Covalent bonds are primarily formed between two same nonmetallic atoms or between nonmetallic atoms with similar electronegativity.
• Lewis structures, also known as Lewis dot structures or electron dot structures, are diagrams with the element's symbol in the centre and the dots around it represent the valence electrons of the element.
• Formation of a single bond in a hydrogen molecule requires one more electron to acquire nearest noble gas configuration (He).
• Formation of a double bond in an oxygen molecule requires two electrons to acquire nearest noble gas configuration (Ne).
• Formation of a triple bond in a nitrogen molecule requires three electrons to acquire nearest noble gas configuration (Ne).
• A single bond is formed between two atoms when two electrons are shared between them, i.e., one electron from each participating atom.
• Ethanol is used as a solvent in the manufacture of paints, dyes, medicines, soaps and synthetic rubber.
• Ethanoic Acid (Acetic acid) dissolves in water, alcohol and ether and often freezes during winter in cold climate, therefore it is named as glacial acetic acid.
• Hydrogen is added to a double bond or a triple bond in the presence of a catalyst like nickel, palladium or platinum in a reaction called hydrogenation.
• When ethanol reacts with ethanoic acid in presence of conc, ethyl ethanoate and water are formed.
• In alkanes, hydrogen atoms are replaced by other elements.
• Ethanol is neutral to litmus.
• Ethanol reacts with sodium to produce hydrogen gas and sodium ethoxide.
• An elimination reaction is a type of reaction in which two substituents are removed from a molecule.
• Esterification is a reaction of ester formation where a carboxylic acid is refluxed with an alcohol in presence of small quantity of conc.
• Saponification is a reaction where a soap is formed when oil or fat of vegetable or animal origin is treated with a concentrated sodium or potassium hydroxide solution.
• Ethanol is used as an antifreeze in radiators of vehicles in cold countries.
• Catenation is the self-linking property of an element by which an atom forms covalent bonds with the other atoms of the same element to form straight or branched chains and rings of different sizes.
• Carboxylic acids react with carbonates and bicarbonates with the evolution of gas.
• Dehydration reaction is a reaction in which a water molecule is removed from the ethanol molecule.
• Ethanol is a nonconductor of electricity as it does not contain ions.
• Substitution reaction is the reaction in which an atom or group of atoms in a molecule is replaced or substituted by different atoms or group of atoms.
• Ethanol and Ethanoic Acid (Acetic acid) have the molecular formula C2H5OH.
• Ethanol, a colourless liquid with a pleasant smell, boils at 351 K and is miscible with water in all proportions.
• A double bond is formed between two atoms when four electrons are shared between them, i.e., one pair of electrons from each participating atom.
• A methane molecule is formed when four electrons of carbon are shared with four hydrogen atoms.
• Graphite has a density of 2.25 g/cc, is a good conductor of electricity, and has a soft and slippery feel.
• Unsaturated hydrocarbons have at least one carbon-carbon double or triple bond.