psychology

• self-consistency bias

  the commonly held idea that we are more consistent in our attitudes, opinions, and beliefs as always existing
• rosy retrospection The remembering of the past as having been better than it really was.
• three stages processing model(first)sensory memory --> (ST) working memory --> (LT) memory
• sensory memory A type of storage that holds a lot of information for a few seconds or less.
• iconic memorya momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli ( lasts 1/10 sec)
• echoic memory a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli (lasts 3-4 sec)
• Short-Term/Working Memory (STM)Processing and temporary storage•Received from sensory memory, what you currently think about 7+-2
• long-term memory (LTM)relatively permanent and limitless storehouse
• implicit memory (LTM)info that is stored/recalled without conscious effort/awareness Automatic
• procedural memory (implicit)body memory; how to do something (skills)
• explicit memory (LTM) declarative info that is stored that requires more effort and attention same with retravel
• semantic memory (explicit)facts and general knowledge
• episodic memory (explicit)memory for one's personal past experiences
• information processing model encoding, storage, retrieval
• flashbulb memorya clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
• shallow processing encoding info based of the look (visual encoding) and sound (acoustic encoding)
• deep processing more effortful encoding info where you process or link it to previously learned info (semantic encoding)
• prospective memory remembering to do something in the future
• recall consciously retrieve info without clues
• recognition identify familiar items from selection
• retrieval cues: stimuli that help find info in your memory
• context effects: memory is aided by being in the location where encoding took place
• state-dependent memory: info learned in a particular state of mind is more easily recalled when in that same state of mind.
• mood-congruent memory: A memory process that selectively retrieves memories that match one's mood.
• tip of the tongue phenomenon: experience of knowing that we know something but being unable to say it
• Deja vu: feeling like you have experienced a similar situation before.
• long-term potentiation (LTP): neurons can strengthen connections between each other through repeated firing. This is associated with the formation of memories.
• relearning: learning something more quickly when you learn it a second or later time
• maintenance rehearsal: repeating info over and over not effective
• elaborative rehearsal: the linking of new information to material that is already known to remember it better
• spacing effect: distribute your study into several small study sessions over long period of time vs. one large study session
• testing effect: the more you test yourself the better you will remember the information
• self-reference effect: tendency to better remember information relevant to ourselves or our experiences
• Metacognition: awareness and understanding of one's own thought processes.
• Hierarchies: Complex information broken down into broad concepts and further subdivided into categories and subcategories
• mnemonic devices: memory aids that use imagery and other organizational strategies to tie info with existing knowledge
• method of loci: mnemonic devices which uses imagery to associate to-be remembered information with a series of familiar LOCations
• Von Restorff effect: we better remember things that are weird/different
• serial position effect: our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list
• primacy effect: tendency to remember words at the beginning of a list especially well