Zoology

• Zoology, the science of life and living things, is a branch of biology that includes the study of the prenatal development of gametes, fertilization, and development of embryos and fetuses.
• Anthrozoology is a branch of zoology that studies the interaction between humans and other animals.
• Arachnology is a branch of zoology that deals with the study of spiders and related species known as arachnids, such as scorpions and harvestmen.
• Archaeozoology is the study of dead animals, including their bones, shells, and other body parts, also known as zooarchaeology.
• Entomology is the study of insects, with sub-branches specializing in different types of insects.
• Helminthology is the study of parasitic worms (helminths) and deals with the taxonomy of helminths and their effect on their hosts.
• Herpetology is the study of reptiles and amphibians.
• Histology is the study of the microscopic anatomy of cells and tissues of animals and plants.
• Ichthyology is a branch of zoology that covers the study of fish, also known as fish science.
• Malacology is the study of Mollusca such as snails, slugs, octopus, clams, and all animals that live in water with shells.
• Mammalogy is the study of mammals and their characteristics.
• Morphology is a branch of zoology dealing with the study of the form and structure of organisms and their specific structural features.
• Ornithology is a branch of zoology that deals with the study of birds.
• Protozoology is a branch of zoology that deals with the study of Protozoa, which are unicellular organisms such as amoeba.
• Edward Jenner is considered the Father of Immunology.
• Zoology can never be understood apart from other organisms and the nonliving components of their environment.
• Principles of heredity, variation, and organic evolution guide the study of life from the simplest unicellular forms to the most complex animals, fungi, and plants.
• Antoni van Leeuwenhoek is considered the Father of microscopy.
• Living systems demonstrate a unique and complex molecular organization.
• All organisms pass through a characteristic life cycle.
• Organic Evolution refers to changes in the genetic makeup of populations of organisms over time.
• Organisms reproduce sexually or asexually to produce new organisms.
• Evolutionary processes have resulted in 4-10 million species of animals living today.
• The genetic code was established early in the evolutionary history of life, and the same code is present in bacteria and in the nuclear genomes of almost all animals and plants.
• Theory of Evolution includes Perpetual Change, Common Descent, Multiplication of Species, Gradualism, and Natural Selection.
• Living organisms maintain themselves by obtaining nutrients from their environments.
• Animals share a common evolutionary past and evolutionary forces that influenced their history.
• Charles Darwin is considered the Father of Evolution.
• Life only comes from prior life, through a process of reproduction.
• All animals interact with their environment.
• Human overpopulation is at the root of virtually all other environmental problems.
• Differences between plants and animals include nutrition, locomotion, response to stimuli, growth, reproduction, and response to stimuli.
• Ecological Concerns include Global Overpopulation and Exploitation of World Resources.
• The history of life has featured the assembly of macromolecules.
• The hierarchy of levels in living systems includes macromolecules, cells, organisms, populations, species.
• A genetic program provides fidelity of inheritance.
• Overuse of world resources by industrialized nations is a major contribution to environmental degradation.
• The cell membrane is the outermost component of a cell composed primarily of phospholipids and serves as the boundary separating the substances inside the cell (intracellular), from the substances outside the cell (extracellular).
• Cells are the basic unit of all living things and function in various ways such as metabolism, synthesis of molecules, communication, reproduction, and contribute to homeostasis.
• The cell membrane encloses and supports the cell contents and contributes to the cell’s ability to recognize and communicate with each other.