Science is a systematic, organized knowledge that investigates nature and is also a process of diverse events shaped by social forces and historical change, thus shaping culture.
Technology is a system of skills, techniques, processes, and products of the scientific concept and is the scientific study of the practical or industrial arts.
Science and technology in different periods display the understanding of humankind in the natural world (science) and the ability to control (technology) and influence it (society).
Ancient Times saw the accumulation and transfer of knowledge evolve from ancient to modern humans, with the ability to make weapons from simple to modern ones becoming efficient.
Sumerian civilization emerged in 3,500 BC in the southern region of Mesopotamia (corresponding to modern-day Iraq and Kuwait), relying on agriculture as the primary source of livelihood, creating the irrigation systems by constructing dikes and canals to control flooding, building large structures from sun-dried bricks made of clay, inventing the wheel, sail, and plow, improving trade and farming, forging bronze from copper and tin around 3,000 BC, allowing for more robust tools and weapons, and developing the first formal writing system called cuneiform.
Babylonian civilization, positioned on the border of the famous Euphrates and Tigris rivers in Iraq, used a calendar with alternating 29 and 30-day months, requiring an extra month three times every eight years, and as a further adjustment, the King would periodically order an additional extra month into the calendar.
Indian civilization (1500 and 1000 BCE) developed the numbers and decimal notation that the world uses today, thus the most influential Hindu science achievement.
Scientific works of wise and gifted Greeks such as Thales, Socrates, Hippocrates, Aristotle, Archimedes, and Ptolemy served as foundations and pillars of Western civilization.
Greek civilization emerged at around 1,100 BC and had a stronger connection with philosophy, replacing the supernatural beliefs through the concept of a universe governed by natural laws.
Roman civilization spanned from 102 – 44 B.C and established a sophisticated system to circulate written news published on Acta diurnal, which translates to "Daily events," and published the Acta Senatus that recorded the proceedings in the Roman senate.
Al-Kindi establishes the application of quantifying and mathematics in medicine and pharmacology in his work "De Gradibus." He used mathematics to measure the potency of drugs and determine in advance the most critical days of a patient's illness.