retro, paramyxo, pneumo

• What does "Retro" mean in Retroviridae?

  Backwards
• What type of genetic material do Retroviridae have?

  Two linear positive-sense single strands of RNA
• What is the role of reverse transcriptase in Retroviridae?

  Transcribes viral RNA to double-stranded DNA
• Where are DNA copies of the viral genome synthesized in Retroviridae?

  In the cytoplasm
• What is the function of integrase in Retroviridae?

  Integration into the host’s chromosomal DNA
• What is a characteristic of Retroviridae regarding mutation rates?

  High mutation rate
• What are endogenous retroviruses?

  Remnants of ancient retroviral infections
• What are exogenous retroviruses?

  Capable of horizontal transmission
• What does the gag protein encode in Retroviridae?

  Major structural nonglycosylated polyproteins
• What does the pro protein encode in Retroviridae?

  Protease for viral protein maturation
• What does the pol protein encode in Retroviridae?

  Multifunctional protein including reverse transcriptase
• What does the env protein encode in Retroviridae?

  Antigenic surface glycoproteins
• What are the important genera of oncogenic retroviruses?

  • Genus Alpharetrovirus: Avian Leukosis
  • Genus Betaretrovirus: Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus
  • Genus Gammaretrovirus: Feline Leukemia virus
  • Genus Deltavirus: Bovine Leukemia virus
  • Genus Epsilonretrovirus: Walleye Dermal Sarcoma
  • Genus Lentivirus: Bovine immunodeficiency virus, Jembrana Disease Virus, Equine Infectious Anemia, Feline Immunodeficiency Virus, Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis, Visna/Maedi
  • Genus Spumavirus
• How is Feline Immunodeficiency Virus primarily transmitted?

  Through bites
• In which cells does Feline Immunodeficiency Virus replicate?

  CD4+ T lymphocytes
• What are the phases of Feline Immunodeficiency Virus infection?

  Acute, prolonged asymptomatic, terminal phase
• What are common clinical signs of Feline Immunodeficiency Virus infection?

  Fever, leukopenia, anemia, weight loss
• How is Feline Immunodeficiency Virus diagnosed?

  Serological testing, ELISA, Immunoblotting
• What is the treatment for Feline Immunodeficiency Virus infection?

  Control of secondary infections
• Is there a vaccine for Feline Immunodeficiency Virus?

  No vaccine
• How is Equine Infectious Anemia transmitted?

  Mechanically by haematophagous insects
• What are the clinical signs of Equine Infectious Anemia?

  Fever, anemia, thrombocytopenia
• How is Equine Infectious Anemia diagnosed?

  Serology, detection of serum antibodies
• What is the important source of infection for Small Ruminant Lentivirus?

  Milk from infected animals
• What are the main characteristics of Birnaviridae?

  Non-enveloped, RNA viruses with two segments
• What is the main target cell for Infectious Bursal Disease Virus (IBDV)?

  B lymphocytes in the bursa
• What is the morbidity and mortality rate for Infectious Bursal Disease?

  Morbidity: 10%-100%, Mortality: 20%
• How is Infectious Bursal Disease diagnosed?

  Immunofluorescence, ELISA, RT-PCR
• What are the clinical signs of Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis in fish?

  Highly contagious and lethal disease
• What is the replication site for Paramyxoviridae?

  In the cytoplasm
• What is the structure of Paramyxovirus nucleocapsid?

  Helical symmetry with herring-bone appearance
• What does the prefix "Retro" in Retroviridae mean?

  Backwards
• What is the structure of the Retroviridae genome?

  Two linear positive-sense single strands of RNA
• What is the role of reverse transcriptase in Retroviridae?

  It transcribes viral RNA to double-stranded DNA
• What is the purpose of the long terminal repeats (LTRs) in the Retroviridae genome?

  They serve as a provirus
• What enzyme is responsible for integrating the viral DNA into the host's chromosomal DNA?

  Integrase
• Why do Retroviridae have a high mutation rate?

  Due to errors during reverse transcription
• What is the difference between endogenous and exogenous retroviruses?

  Endogenous retroviruses are remnants of ancient retroviral infections, while exogenous retroviruses are capable of horizontal transmission
• What are the main structural proteins encoded by the Retroviridae genome?

  gag, pro, pol, and env
• What is the function of the gag, pro, pol, and env proteins in Retroviridae?

  gag - major structural nonglycosylated polyproteins, pro - protease, pol - reverse transcriptase and integrase, env - antigenic surface glycoproteins and transmembrane protein