Rob Hadden

• Pathology is the study of disease (abnormal biochemistry, physiology and structure) its causes and progression, bridging science and medicine.
• Pathology is involved in 70% of all diagnoses including chemistry, haematology, cellular pathology, cytology, microbiology, genetics/molecular pathology.
• Urine sample and blood cultures are taken to grow/isolate an organism and determine which antibiotics it is susceptible/resistant to.
• Pathology tests include blood glucose POC, blood gases POC, FBC, U&E, CRP, urine MC+S, blood cultures, urine cytology, PSA, and core biopsy prostate.
• A tumour in a lymph node is a conundrum, as it could be a metastasis or a reactive lymph node.
• Trauma is the most common cause of death in paediatric and young adults, and changes in trauma surgery and management have increased survival.
• Fine needle aspirates are often done for head and neck lymph nodes, salivary glands, and thyroid.
• Cytology is the analysis of individual cells, which can be scraped, brushed or sucked out of patients from body fluids, mucosal scrapings/brushings, or pleural fluid.
• CD45 is a marker for lymphocytes, Melan-A for melanocytes, and Pancytokeratin (MNF) for epithelial cells.
• BRAF mutation in melanoma is a protein in and on cells that oestrogen binds to and stimulates growth, which is bad in cancer.
• Gastrointestinal Specimens, Head + Neck, and Dermoid cysts are tissue types derived from all three embryological layers: Mesoderm, Endoderm, Ectoderm.
• Hormonal Therapy involves blocking the receptor or decreasing the levels of oestrogen in the body.
• When assessing a Patient ABC stands for Airway,Breathing and circulation
• Examples of physiological parameters include: heart rate,blood pressure,body temperature and hormonal levels
• Blood gases (also known as ABG) measure the amount of oxygen and carbon dioxide within the blood
• c- reactive proteins check for inflammation in the body
• Microbiology determines which antibiotics the organism is susceptible to via measuring the zone of inhibition around the antibiotic disks
• Aetiology is the cause of disease, Pathogenesis is the Progression of disease, Pathological and clinical manifestations are the signs and symptoms of disease and complication and sequalae is the outcomes of disease
• Prognosis is the course and outcome of disease and includes the chances of recovery and chance of recurrence
• Pathology has 2 divisions which are: Clinical Pathology and Anatomical Pathology
• Anatomical pathology is the study of the diseases effect on the body and diagnosis of disease relies on multiple examinations of tissue, organs and autopsies
• Clinical pathology is the study of blood, urine and other fluids from living patients
• Histopathology is the study of tissues
• Pyelonephritis is a type of UTI that involves inflammation of the kidneys due to bacterial infection
• 2 types of pyelonephritis are Acute and chronic
• Acute Pyelonephritis is an acute inflammatory response caused by bacteria ascending up the ureters into the renal pelvis
• Chronic Pyelonephritis is when there have been repeated episodes of acute pyelonephritis leading to scarring of the kidney
• The most common cause of acute pyelonephritis is Escherichia coli (E.coli)
• Pyelonephritis can also occur due to vesicoureteral reflux which is urine backflow from the bladder into the ureters
• PSA test= a blood test that measures the amount of prostate-specific antigen in the blood
• BPH = Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia - noncancerous enlargement of the prostate gland as men age
• Urinary Tract Infections are more likely to affect women than men because their shorter urethra makes it easier for bacteria to reach the bladder
• Elevated PSA levels are associated with prostate cancer, benign prostatic hyperplasia, and prostatitis
• Lesions= abnormal changes in structure of an organ or tissue due to injury
• Common types of Lesions= Skin,Brain,Bone,Liver,Lung and Gastrointestinal ones
• Crystals in urine indicate a urinary tract infection.
• abnormal cells in cytology identify a potential underlying tumour or malignancy of the bladder.
• Casts are small structures shaped like cylinders or tubes and form in the kidney and different types of casts can indicate kidney conditions such as inflammation
• There are two types of autopsy:

  1.Medicolegal (Forensic/Coroners) autopsy

  2.Hospital(Clinical or Pathological) autopsy
• Medicolegal:

  is an examination conducted postmortem(dead) to determine the cause of the death. These types of autopsies are typically carried out by a forensic pathologist with the aims of the examination to gain evidence for legal investigations.