ENG02

• A discourse is a formal and often lengthy discussion of a topic, where concepts and insights are arranged in an organized and logical manner.
• Purposes of a Discourse

  • To Inform
  • To Persuade
  • To entertain
• To inform - a discourse that aims to inform; provides a descriptive and comprehensive discussion on the topic
• To persuade - a discourse that aims to persuade; tries to convince the readers that the proposed claim or solution is better than any other proposal
• To entertain - a discourse that aims to amuse; provides a source of entertainment for its readers
• Factors in analyzing a discourse

  • Culture
  • Social Environment
  • Experiences
• Culture - the beliefs, customs, attitudes, language and other things that define culture may influence the author's perspective on several issues.
• Social Environment - the author's physical surroundings and social relationships as well as the culture of the time may have influences his or her writing.
• Experiences - personal accounts, first-hand experience of events, though subjective, establish credibility and reliability of information presented in any discourse.
• Reading is a cognitive process of decoding symbols to derive meaning from a text
• Schema theory tries to explain how readers utilize prior knowledge to understand and get new information from the text
• The theory claims that written text does not carry meaning by itself. It only guides readers to retrieve or construct meaning from the structures or patterns of this prior knowledge. These structures are called schemata (singular: schema).
• BOTTOM-UP MODEL

  • from text to meaning (which focuses on linguistic clues builds literal comprehension of a text)
  • construct meaning from the most basic units of language, including letters, letter clusters, and words
  • specific to general
  • the emphasis is on how the reader extract information from the printed page, and on whether or not learners deal with letters and words in a systematic fashion.
• TOP-DOWN MODEL

  • top-down reading contains predicting, inferring, and focusing on meanings (Grabe 1991). Reading is actually “a psychological guessing game”, in the words of Goodman (1970).

  emphasizes the use of background knowledge to predict the meaning of the reading or listening text.
• READING PROCESS

  PRREA (Prereading, Reading, Responding, Exploring, Applying)
• • Prereading
  • Readers prepare themselves to read
  • Activating prior knowledge (schema)
  • Making predictions
  • Goal-setting
  • Scanning and skimming
• • Reading
  • Actual reading
  • Read Independently; with a partner, using shared reading or guided reading; or listen to the text read aloud
  • Annotating (taking down notes, highlighting)
• • Responding
  • Reacting to the reading material
  • Group discussions
  • Writing in reading journals
• • Exploring
  • Rereading the text
  • Learning more about the text (new knowledge, vocabulary words)
  • Making connections to personal experiences and other texts
• • Applying
  • Using the reader’s new knowledge to create an output or construct projects
  • Reading more books written by the same author, of the same genre, or any other related material
• TECHNIQUES IN SELECTING AND ORGANIZING INFORMATION

  Making meaning…

  1. What did you do to find out what is being asked?
  2. Did your members contribute their own ideas to the required output? How?
  3. If you are going to choose, would you like to conduct this activity alone or with a group? Why?
  4. How were you able to organize the information?
  5. What is brainstorming?
  6. Is brainstorming significant?
• BRAINSTORMING

  • An informal way of generating topics to write about or points to make about your topic
  • An individual or group activity
  • Ideas are gathered and listed from the input of every member.
• ALEX OSBORN - FATHER OF BRAINSTORMING

  1. QUANTITY OVER QUALITY
  2. WITHHOLD CRITICISM
  3. WELCOME CRAZY IDEAS - ticket for success
  4. COMBINE, REFINE, AND IMPROVE IDEAS
• Brain dumping - write your thoughts on a paper
• • Brainwriting write down your thought and collect
• • Brainwalking visual stimuli in the room
• Methods in Brainstorming

  IDEA LIST

  • simply involves listing ideas about a particular topic
  • is appropriate to textual people or those who are more comfortable in processing words than visuals.
  • simply requires you to write the main topic and then write down all related concepts below it
• Methods in Brainstorming - IDEA MAP

  • also called webbing or clustering
  • is a visual representation of ideas and their connections with one another
  • more structured and is able to show how one idea subordinates another idea
• CUBING

  • an idea is examined from six  distinct viewpoints
  • You describe the topic
  • Compare and contrast it 
  • What do you associate it  with
  • Analyze it 
  • Apply it 
  • Argue for or against it
• FREE WRITING

  • set a time limit and number of words or pages. Just write. Do not edit yourself.
  • it allows someone to work without inhibitions
  • you turn off the editor in you and allow the writer in you free rein
• RESEARCHING

  • You go to the library or check out websites on the internet. Make a list or map of the new ideas
• GRAPHIC ORGANIZERS

  • A graphic organizer, also known as knowledge map, concept map, story map, cognitive organizer, advance organizer, or concept diagram, is a communication tool that uses visual symbols to express knowledge, concepts, thoughts, or ideas, and the relationships between and/or among them
• What are the uses of graphic organizers?

  • Help students sequence information.
  • Help students organize their thoughts in a logical way.
  • Help students organize information visually.
  • Help students develop analysis skills.
  • Help students evaluate criteria for decision-making.
  • Help students analyze and prioritize information.
  • Help students determine cause-effect relationships.
  • Help students cluster and brainstorm ideas and information
• DISCOURSE

  A discourse is a formal and often lengthy discussion of a

  topic, where concepts and insights are arranged in an organized and logical manner. Also, it refers to the way how language is used to convey meanings or to propel action, or provoke a specific response. It is often associated with speech, but it may also be written. It usually serves as a writer’s or a scholar’s analysis of a concept or theory proposed by another writer.
• A complex event or complex phenomenon is the subject of a Spider Map.
• A key frame question is what the central idea is, its attributes, and its functions.
• A T-Chart is used to analyze similarities and differences between two things by placing individual characteristics in either the left or right sections.
• A Venn Diagram is used to analyze similarities and differences between two things by placing individual characteristics in either the left or right sections, and common characteristics within the overlapping section.
• A Compare/Contrast Matrix is used to show similarities and differences between two things.
• PMI is used to show positive, negative, and interesting attributes of a subject, concept, topic, solution, etc., in order to determine the nature of the outcome and whether it will be worth continuing or not.