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• Anatomy is the study of body structures.
• Physiology is the study of body functions.
• Pathophysiology is the study of disease states.
• Homeostasis is the condition of balance or equilibrium in the body’s internal environment due to the constant interaction of the body’s many regulatory processes.
• Embryology is the study of the first eight weeks of development following fertilization of an egg in humans.
• Developmental biology is the complete development of an individual from fertilization of an egg to death.
• Cell biology is the study of cellular structure and functions.
• Surface anatomy is the study of surface markings of the body to understand internal anatomy through visualization and palpation.
• Histology is the study of the microscopic structure of tissues.
• Gross anatomy is the study of structures that can be examined without using a microscope.
• The functions of the urinary system include production, storage and elimination of urine and wastes, regulated blood volume and composition, acid-base balance and production of red blood cells.
• The functions of the reproductive system include production and storage of gametes, hormone regulation and production, production of milk, and reproduction.
• The functions of the lymphatic system include transport of some nutrients and fluid, and immunity.
• Systemic anatomy is the study of the structure of specific systems of the body such as the nervous or respiratory systems.
• The lymphatic system consists of lymphatic fluid, lymphatic vessels, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, tonsils, and cells involved in immune responses.
• The urinary system consists of kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.
• The reproductive system consists of male and female parts such as testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicle, prostate, penis for males, and ovaries, fallopian tube, uterus, vagina, mammary gland for females.
• Regional anatomy is the study of specific regions of the body such as the head or chest.
• Radiographic anatomy is the study of body structures that can be visualized with x-rays.
• Pathological anatomy is the study of structural changes (from gross to microscopic) associated with disease.
• Neurophysiology is the study of the functional properties of nerve cells.
• Extracellular Matrix provides a very conducive environment for cellular growth and support.
• Molecule: two or more atoms of the same or of different kinds that share electrons, examples include H2O and O2.
• Compound: a substance that contains atoms of two or more different elements, examples include NaCl and H2O, and are joined by chemical bonds such as ionic, covalent, and hydrogen bond.
• Connective Tissue Cells include Fibroblasts, Macrophages, Plasma Cells, Mast cells, Adipocytes, and WBC’s.
• Epithelial tissue covers body surfaces and lines hollow organs, body cavities and ducts, forms glands, and functions as selective barriers, secretory surfaces, and protective surfaces.
• Free radical: an atom or group of atoms with an unpaired electron in its outermost shell, these are very unstable, highly reactive and destructive and tend to break apart important body molecules, examples include superoxide free radical.
• Connective tissue protects and supports the body and its organs, stores energy as fat, and helps provide body with immunity, it arises from mesenchymal cells, is composed of cells and extracellular matrix, and blood is a liquid connective tissue.
• Cellular Level: cells are the basic structural and functional units of an organism, examples include muscle cell, nerve cell, and epithelial cell.
• Tissue Level: tissues are groups of cells and materials surrounding them that work together to perform a particular function, examples include epithelial tissue and connective tissue.
• Endocrinology is the study of hormones (chemical regulators in the blood) and how they control body functions.
• Cardiovascular physiology is the study of the functions of the heart and blood vessels.
• Immunology is the study of how the body defends itself against disease-causing agents.
• Respiratory physiology is the study of the functions of the air passageways and lungs.
• Renal physiology is the study of the functions of the kidneys.
• Exercise physiology is the study of changes in cell and organ functions as a result of muscular activity.
• Pathophysiology is the study of functional changes associated with disease and aging.
• Chemical Level is the first level of structural organization in the body and includes the atom, element, and ion.
• Fibers may be collagen fibers, elastic fibers or reticular fibers.
• Organ Level refers to organs made up of two or more types of tissues joined together, usually have recognizable shapes, and include brain, stomach, bones, heart, skin.