AP Human Geography

• The dependency ratio is the ratio of the economically dependent part of the population to the economically productive part.
• Demographic transition theory suggests that societies go through four stages of demographic change: preindustrial, transitional, industrialized, and post-transitional.
• Population pyramids are graphical representations that show the age distribution of populations by sex.
• Age structure refers to the proportion of people at different ages within a given population, usually expressed as percentages or ratios.
• Rainforests are found along the equator due to high temperatures and abundant precipitation.
• Africa's climate varies from tropical to desert, with rainfall patterns influenced by ocean currents such as the North Atlantic Drift and South Equatorial Current.
• Population density is the number of individuals per unit area or volume.
• Fertility rate measures the number of live births per thousand women aged fifteen to forty-four years old during a specific year.
• Mortality rate measures the number of deaths per thousand persons in a specific area or group during a particular time frame.
• Fertility rate measures the number of live births per thousand women aged fifteen to forty-four years old during a specified period.
• domesticated plant is one that is deliberately planted, protected, cared for, and used by humans and is genetically distinct from its wild ancestors
• domesticated animal is one that depends on people for food and shelter that is different from its wild ancestors in looks and behavior as a result of close contact to humans.
• tropical wet climate is climate located along the equator that experiences rain every day of the year
• Indus River Valley: center of domestication for plants and animals. flows from highlands of Tibet and along border between Pakistan and India into Arobian sea
• domestication: the process of taming an animal and keeping it as a pet or on a farm
• shifting cultivation is when farmers move from one area to another to find new land
• township and range system: a system of land ownership in the US that divided the country into 364 townships and 364 ranges
• meets and bands: natural features to show property
• livestock ranching is the raising of animals for food, clothing, or other products
• nomadic herding is when people move with their herds of animals to find pasture, less imprints on landscape
• extensive agriculture: little hired labor
• intensive agriculture: crop and livestock rearing systems use high levels of labor and capital relative to size of landholding
• tropical: tropical wet - tropical wet and dry. along/near equator.
• dry: semi arid - arid
• moderate: humid subtropical - maine west coast - mediterranean
• continenta: humid fontenemtwl - humid cols (subarctic)
• sections of economy: primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
• intensive agriculture/farming , using large amounts of labor and higher levels of input and output per unit of agricultural land area.
• extensive agricultural/farming: 1950s - 1970s small amounts of labor, fertilizers and capital. Live stock ranching
• green revolutions: 1945-1970s. development and use of high held seeds, increased use of synthetic fertilizers and chemical pesticides, and increased irrigation and mechanization
• industrial revolution: 18th century to early 20th century. mechanization of production processes
• post industrial society: service sector is the largest part of the economy
• 2nd agricultural revolution, brought improved methods of cultivstion, harvesting and storage of produce laye 1600s
• industrial revolution: the transition from an agricultural to an industrial society, characterized by the widespread use of machinery and the development of new manufacturing processes
• irrigation: the supply of water to land or crops to help growth, typically by means of channels, where rain is irregular
• monocrop focusing on growing one crop to make a profit and specialize and maximizing
• export commodity - a good or service that is sold to other countries and is used to generate foreign exchange
• colonialism: the policy or practice of acquiring full or partial political control over another country, occupying it with settlers, and exploiting it economically
• exploit: make full use of and derive benefit from (a resource)
• commodity chain