4.3.1.2 Movement of ions during electrolysis. : cations to

• What are cations?

  Ions with a positive charge
• What are the key points about anions?

  • Anions are negative ions
  • They form by gaining electrons
• How do anions form?

  They form when atoms gain electrons
• What are the key points about the cathode?

  • Definition: Negative electrode
  • Function: Receives electrons, facilitates reduction
  • Material: Platinum or graphite
• How does the movement of cations complete the electrical circuit?

  Electrons flow to the cathode, allowing cations to gain electrons
• What are anions?

  Ions with a negative charge
• What role does the power source play in the movement of cations?

  It provides electrons that flow to the cathode
• What happens to anions when they reach the anode?

  They lose electrons in oxidation
• How are cations formed?

  When atoms lose electrons
• What is the primary function of the cathode?

  Receives electrons, facilitates reduction
• What materials are cathodes typically made of?

  Platinum or graphite
• What chemical process occurs at the anode?

  Oxidation
• What are the key differences between the anode and cathode in this voltmeter circuit?

  • Anode has a higher potential than cathode when sample has high resistance
  • Electrons flow from anode to cathode through the sample
  • Cathode collects the electrons flowing through the sample
• What are the materials commonly used for anodes?

  • Platinum
  • Graphite
  • Metals being oxidized
• How can the direction of current flow be determined in an electrochemical cell?

  • Electrons flow from the anode (-) to the cathode (+)
  • Cations move towards the cathode
  • Anions move towards the anode
• What is the anode in electrolysis?

  The positive electrode
• What are the key components of an electrochemical cell?

  • Anode: Negatively charged electrode
  • Cathode: Positively charged electrode
  • Electrolyte: Charged particles in the solution
  • DC current: The type of current flowing
• How does the Wheatstone bridge (Kelvin) circuit work to measure resistance?

  • Applies a voltage across the sample
  • Measures the potential difference across the sample
  • Uses this potential difference to calculate the resistance of the sample
• What is the name of the current flowing in the image?

  DC current
• What is the name of the charged particles in the solution in the image?

  Electrolyte
• What is the name of the positively charged electrode in the image?

  Anode
• What is the movement direction of cations and anions in an electrochemical cell?

  • Cations move to the right toward the cathode (Sn)
  • Anions move to the left toward the anode (Zn)
• What are the key points regarding the anode in electrolysis?

  • Definition: Positive electrode
  • Function: Loses electrons, facilitates oxidation
  • Materials: Platinum, graphite, or oxidized metals
• Why do anions move to the anode?

  Because opposite charges attract each other
• What are the key points about cations?

  • Cations are positive ions
  • They are formed by the loss of electrons
  • Example: Sodium ion (Na⁺)
• What happens to electrons at the anode during electrolysis?

  Electrons are lost from substances
• What type of ions move towards the cathode?

  Positive ions (cations)
• What is the name of the negatively charged electrode in the image?

  Cathode
• What type of ions move to the anode during electrolysis?

  Negative ions
• What happens to cations when they reach the cathode?

  They gain electrons and become neutral atoms
• How does the resistance of the sample affect the electron flow in the circuit?

  • Higher resistance in the sample leads to lower electron flow
  • Lower resistance in the sample leads to higher electron flow
• What ions move toward the anode during electrolysis?

  Anions (Cl⁻)
• If the sample has a high resistance, which electrode would have a higher potential?

  Cathode
• What are the key differences between the anode and cathode in an electrochemical cell?

  • Anode: Negatively charged electrode where oxidation occurs
  • Cathode: Positively charged electrode where reduction occurs
  • Electrons flow from the anode to the cathode
• What are the key points regarding the movement of anions to the anode?

  • Movement Direction: Towards positive anode
  • Attraction Forces: Opposites attract
  • Electron Loss: Oxidation occurs
• What is the name of the device shown in the image?

  Voltmeter
• What ions move toward the cathode during electrolysis?

  Cations (Zn²⁺, K⁺)
• What is the role of cations and anions in electrolysis?

  • Cations: Move toward cathode, gain electrons
  • Anions: Move toward anode, lose electrons
• Why do cations move towards the negative cathode?

  Because opposite charges attract
• What are the main components of the voltmeter circuit?

  • Anode
  • Cathode
  • Salt bridge (Kelvin)
  • Voltmeter