Exam 1

• Physical activity- bodily movements that result in energy expenditure
• • Exercise- a subset of physical activity, planned, structured activity with a goal of improving or maintaining physical fitness
• • Physical fitness- set of attributes relating to physical activity performance 
• • Physical activity and exercise are behaviors and physical fitness is the outcome of those behaviors
• Sedentary behavior- awake, sitting, reclined, or lying down while engaging in less than or equal to 1.5 METs.
• Light intensity less than 3 METs

  Moderate intensity 3-5.9 METs

  Vigorous activity is 6+ METs
• The four domains of physical activity are recreation, transport, occupational, and household
• Exercise confers health benefits to individuals with lung, breast, colon, and pancreatic cancers
• The fours most prevalent chronic diseases are cardiovascular disease, cancer, chronic respiratory diseases, and diabetes
• The aerboic and muscle-strengthening activity guidelines for adults includes 150-300 minutes/week of moderate intensity or 75-150 minutes/week of vigorous intensity aerobic activity as well as 2 days/week of strength training of all major muscle groups
• Top 3 causes of death in 2017 by risk factor: high blood pressure, smoking, and high blood sugar
• The demographic most likely to meet activity guidelines include young adults 18-24 years old, males, US citizens, Native American/Pacfic Islanders, married with nokids, and those with higher education
• Physical activity can prevent stroke through reducing hypertensions and risk of atherosclerosis, improving lipid profiles and endothelial function, and serves as an antithrombotic role (reduces blood viscosity, fibrinogen levels, platelet aggregation)
• School-aged children should engage in 60 minutes or more of moderate/vigorous intensity with vigorous intensity at least 3 days/week
• Children and adolescents should engage in strength training for 60 minutes at least 3 days a week.
• Older adults need multicomponent physical activity that includes balance training, aerobic, and muscle-strengthening activities. Any physical activity would be great because of conditions it may be less than 150 minutes.
• For pregnant women, it is recommended that they should do 150 minutes of moderate aerobic activity preferably spread throughout the week. Women who were vigorously active before pregnancy can continue vigorous activity.
• Deconditioning- partial or complete reversal of physiological adaptations to activity

  Causes include: reduced PA, bed rest, casting, paralysis, increased PI, and aging
• Detraining- process by which training adaptations to exercise are gradually lost or reduced (process of becoming deconditioned)

  Linked to risks of CVD, diabetes, obesity, cancers, depression, sarcopenia 

  Reduced metabolic activity, mitochondrial density, cardiac fitness, muscle hypertrophy, bone mineral density
• According to 2003-2006 NHANES acceleromter data: 95% of US adults 20 or older are physically inactive
• Accelerometer limitations- not having a “backstory” on what is actually happening (exercise vs PA unknown), limited to ambulatory activities so no swimming or biking

  Survey limitation- light PA is often forgotten, people are led to an answer, people report inaccurately 
• Primary stakeholders for EIM include: health care providers, exercise professionals, and community resources
• Increased sedentary behavior increases the risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality (positive correlation) 
• Sedentary behavior is linked to an increase in lipoprotein lipase activity leading to dyslipidemia and higher plasma glucose levels.
• Good cholesterol (HDL) is a negative risk factor, it needs to be greater than or equal to 60mg per deciL
• Regular exercise is at least 30 minutes on 3 or more days per week at a moderate intensity for at least 3 months (think 3/3/3)
• The goals of preparticipation screening include Identify those who should receive medical clearance prior to initiating/progressing an exercise program, identify those with clinically significant disease, and identify those with medical conditions who should be restricted from exercise participation
• The Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire for everyone (Par-Q+) is the self-guided screening method to assess activity readiness
• Normal blood pressure is less than 120 and less than 80
• Elevated blood pressure is defined as systolic 120-129 and diastolic less than 80
• Hypertension Stage 1 is 130-139 or 80-89
• Hypertension Stage 2 is 140 or higher or 90 or higher
• Hypertensive crisis is marked as a systolic bp higher than 180 and/or a diastolic higher than 120
• Risk factors for coronary heart disease include age, with men 45 years and older, and women 55 years and older being at increased risk.
• Family history of MI, coronary revascularization, or sudden death is a risk factor for coronary heart disease.
• Cigarette smoking, whether you are a current smoker or have quit within the last six months, is a risk factor for coronary heart disease.
• Physical inactivity, not participating in at least 30 minute moderate intensity exercise at least 3 days a week for at least 3 months, is a risk factor for coronary heart disease.
• Obesity, defined as a BMI greater than or equal to 30kg/m, is a risk factor for coronary heart disease.
• Hypertension, defined as SBP equal or greater than 140mmHg or DBP greater than or equal to 90mmHg, is a risk factor for coronary heart disease.
• Dyslipidemia, defined as low density lipoprotein greater than or equal to 130 or HDL lower than 40, on lipid lowering medications, or if total cholesterol serum is greater than or equal to 200, is a risk factor for coronary heart disease.