The Crimean War

• The Crimean War overview:

  • 1853- 1856
  • Fought between the Russians and the Ottoman Turks (who was supported by Britain and France).
  • Culminated in the siege of Sevastopol, during which the Russians surrendered and the Treaty of Paris was signed
• Long term causes of the Crimean War:

  • The decline of the Ottoman Empire gave rise to the Eastern Question which the Great Powers were anxious to solve, whilst still preserving their economic and political interests
  • Central goal of Russian foreign policy was to obtain a warm water port in the south
• Short term causes of the Crimean War:

  • In 1853, Russia sought increased power in the Black Sea region and the Balkans by provoking the decaying Ottoman Empire
  • A dispute between Russia and France arose over Orthodox Christian and Catholic rights and duties in the Holy Lands (part of the Ottoman Empire)
• Crimean War events:

  • Nov 1853: Russians destroyed the Turkish fleet at Sinope, killing over 4000 Turks. Sparked intense protest from Britain and France
  • Jan 1854: both British and French navies positioned in the Black Sea (but British were still trying to avert war)
  • Feb 1854: France and Britain sent an ultimatum to withdraw, which was ignored meaning they joined the war
• Crimean War Events 2:

  • Sept 1854: Britain and France invaded the Crimea. Battle of Alma - Russians lost 6000 troops
  • Feb 1855: Nicholas I died
  • Oct 1854-Sept 1855: the siege of Sevastopol: By Aug, Russians were suffering from 2000 to 3000 casualties daily. Russians eventually surrendered - major setback for Russia!
  • March 1856 - Treaty of Paris signed