Covalent bonds

• What is the focus of the video on covalent bonding?

  Hydrogen, chlorine, and hydrogen chloride molecules
• How do non-metal atoms bond in covalent bonding?

  By sharing electrons to achieve stability
• What visual representations are used to illustrate covalent bonding?

  Energy level diagrams, dot and cross diagrams
• What distinguishes covalent bonding from ionic bonding?

  • Covalent bonding involves sharing electrons
  • Ionic bonding involves transferring electrons
• What is formed when two hydrogen atoms bond?

  A hydrogen molecule (H2)
• How do two hydrogen atoms achieve a full outer energy level?

  By sharing their single electrons
• What type of bond is formed between two chlorine atoms?

  A single covalent bond
• How do chlorine atoms achieve stability in Cl2?

  By sharing one electron from each atom
• What happens when hydrogen shares its electron with chlorine in HCl?

  A covalent bond is formed
• How does hydrogen chloride (HCl) achieve a full outer energy level?

  Hydrogen shares its single electron with chlorine
• What types of diagrams are used to represent covalent bonding?

  • Energy level diagrams
  • Dot and cross diagrams
  • Stick diagrams
• What is the structure of a water molecule (H2O)?

  Two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom
• How do hydrogen and oxygen achieve full outer energy levels in H2O?

  By sharing electrons to form two covalent bonds
• What is the composition of an ammonia molecule (NH3)?

  One nitrogen atom and three hydrogen atoms
• How do hydrogen atoms bond with nitrogen in ammonia?

  Each hydrogen shares its single electron with nitrogen
• What is the structure of a methane molecule (CH4)?

  One carbon atom and four hydrogen atoms
• How do carbon and hydrogen achieve full outer energy levels in methane?

  By sharing electrons to form four covalent bonds
• What are the characteristics of covalent bonds?

  • Formed by sharing pairs of electrons
  • Allow atoms to achieve full outer energy levels
  • Strong bonds between non-metal atoms
• What is a single covalent bond?

  One shared pair of electrons between atoms
• What characterizes a triple covalent bond?

  Three shared pairs of electrons between atoms
• What is the structure of carbon dioxide (CO2)?

  One carbon atom bonded to two oxygen atoms
• How does carbon dioxide achieve stability?

  By forming double covalent bonds with oxygen
• What are the types of covalent bonds discussed in the video?

  • Single covalent bonds
  • Double covalent bonds
  • Triple covalent bonds