Chapter 3 & 4

• What is anatomy?

  human anatomy is the study of the structures that make up the human body, and how those structures relate to each other
• Structure determines function: The structures of the human body are well-designed for efficient movement. Understanding this design allows us to maximize the full potential of the system
• Anatomical Position: defines the starting reference point for describing the human. It is universally accepted and is used in all anatomical descriptions and reference for movements. All directional terms are based on the assumption that the body is in the anatomical position
• Lateral - Medial?

  Medial - Toward the midline of the body

  Lateral - Away from the midline of the body

  Ex. your ears are lateral to your cheeks and your cheeks are medial to your ears
• Distal - Proximal?

  Distal - further from some specified region

  Proximal - closer to some specified region

  Ex. with the respect to the lower limb, the foot is distal to the leg and the thigh is proximal to the leg
• Anterior - Posterior?

  Anterior (ventral) - in front of or the front of your body

  Posterior (dorsal) - behind or the back of your body

  Ex. your lips are anterior to your teeth and your teeth are posterior to your lips
• Superior - Inferior?

  Superior - above

  Inferior - below

  Ex. the clavicle is superior to the rib cage; the pelvic (innominate) bone is inferior to the rib cage.

  Ex. your liver is superior to your kidneys and your bladder is inferior to your small intestine
• Supine - Prone?

  Supine - lying on the back. Ex. when performing a bench press

  Prone - lying face down. Ex. when preparing to perform a push up
• Planes are imaginary flat surfaces that divide the human body. They are used to divide the body for further identification of particular areas and they describe different movements or actions. Always refer to the body in the anatomical position
• Median plane or midsagittal plane?

  A vertical plane that bisects the body into right and left halves. Note: the sagittal plane is any plane parallel to the median sagittal plane
• Coronal plane or frontal plane?

  A vertical plane that bisects the body into front and back. It is at right angles to the median plane
• Transverse plane or horizontal plane?

  A horizontal plane that bisects the body into top and bottom. It's at right angles to both the median and coronal planes
• Flexion - Extension?

  Flexion - reduces the angle between two bones at the joint

  Extension - increases the angle between two bones at a joint

  Usually a sagittal plane movement.

  Ex. lifting the weight reduces the angle at the joint = flexion

  lowering the weight increases the angle at the joint = extension
• Abduction - Adduction?

  Abduction - moving a segment away from the midline

  Adduction - moving a segment towards the midline of the body

  Front plane movement

  Ex. the motions of the arms and legs during a jumping jack.

  Hint: Abduct = "take away" from the midline

  Adduct = "add" towards the midline
• Circumduction?

  A cone of movement that does not include any rotation.

  Occurs when flexion - extension movements are combined with abduction - adduction movements.

  Ex. tracing an imaginary circle in the air with your index finger.
• Rotation?


  Turning of a bone on its longitudinal axis.

  Medial (internal) rotation - rotation towards the midline

  Lateral (external) rotation - rotation away from the midline
• Pronation and Supination?

  Movements relative to the forearm and hand.

  Pronation - when the palm is moved to face posteriorly

  Supination - when the palm is moved to face anteriorly (hint: you can hold a bowl of soup)
• Dorsi-flexion and Plantar-flexion?

  Modified flexion with respect to ankle joint.

  Dorsi flexion - bringing the top of the foot toward the lower leg or shin

  Plantar flexion - "planting" the foot or pointing the toes towards the ground
• Inversion - Eversion?

  Movements relative to the sole of the foot.

  Inversion - when the sole is turned inward (as when you "go over" on your ankle)

  Eversion - when the sole is turned outward or away from the median plane of the body
• Approximately 206 bones make up the human skeleton. The function of the skeletal system is: to provide the supporting framework and to provide the body organs. Bone is a living tissue complete with blood supply and nerves
• Bones Composition?

  Bone is very strong for its relatively light weight. The major components of bone are:

  • calcium carbonate
  • calcium phosphate
  • collagen
  • water
• Bone Composition

  A) Diaphysis

  B) Epiphysis

  C) Cartilage

  D) Red Marrow

  E) Spongy Bone

  F) Medullary Cavity (Hollow)

  G) Yellow Marrow

  H) Periosteum

  I) Compact Bone

  
• • When bones are subjected to regular physical activity and habitual loads, they tend to become denser and more mineralized.

  Ex. right forearm of the right handed tennis player is more dense than their left one from using it more frequently.

  • Inactivity works in the opposite direction, leading to a decrease in weight and strength.

  Ex. loss of bone mass has been noted in bed-ridden patients, inactive senior citizens, and astronauts
• The Human Skeleton

  A) Long

  B) Short

  C) Flat

  D) Irregular

  E) Sesamoid

  F) a.

  G) b.

  H) c.

  I) d.

  J) e.

  
• Axial Skeleton

  A) Skull

  B) Sternum

  C) Ribs

  D) Vertebral Column

  E) Sacrum

  
• Skull is divided into two parts:

  1. calvaria (skull)
  2. face
• 1. Calvaria/Skull (Cranial Vault)

  A) Frontal Bone

  B) Parietal Bone

  C) Occipital Bone

  D) Temporal Bone

  
• b) facial bones

  A) Lacrimal Bone

  B) Nasal Bone

  C) Zygomatic Bone

  D) Maxilla Bone

  E) Mandible Bone

  
• Vertebral Column

  A) 7 Cervical Vertebrae (of the neck)

  B) 12 Thoracic Vertebrae (of the chest)

  C) 5 Lumbar Vertebrae (of the lower back)

  D) Sacrum (mid-line region of buttocks)

  E) Coccyx (4 or 5 fused vertebrae of the tailbone)

  
• There are 12 pairs of ribs; made up of bone and cartilage which strengthen the chest cage and permit it to expand. Curved and slightly twisted making it ideal to protect the chest area. All 12 pairs of ribs articulate with the twelve thoracic vertebrae posteriorly. Classified into 3 groups based on the anterior attachment.

  True ribs: 1-7, attached to both the vertebrae and the sternum

  False ribs: 8-10, attached to the sternum indirectly, through 7th rib

  Floating ribs: 11-12, only attached to the vertebral column
• The Ribs & Sternum (Breast Bone)

  A) True ribs

  B) False ribs

  C) Floating ribs

  
• Appendicular skeleton consists of the pectorial girdle (chest), the pelvic girdle (hip), the upper limbs, and the lower limbs.
• 1. Pectorial Girdle consists of the scapula (shoulder blade) and clavicle (collar bone). It allows the upper limb great mobility. The sternoclavicular joint is the only point of attachment between the axial skeleton and the pectoral girdle.
• 2. Pelvic Girdle is formed by a pair of os coxae (aka innominate or hip bones). It supports the bladder and abdominal contents.

  Attachments:

  • posteriorly - join with the sacrum
  • anteriorly - join to each other
  • laterally - articulate with the head of the thigh (femur) bone through a cup - shaped socket (acetabulum)
• 3. Upper Limb consists of the humerus and the radius & ulna.

  • Humerus; the arm bone, shoulder to elbow
  • Radius & Ulna; the forearm bones, elbow to wrist. The radius is located on the thumb side of the hand. When you pronate the forearm, the radius is actually crossing over the ulna.
• Upper Limb

  A) Proximal Phalanx

  B) Carpals

  C) Metacarpals

  D) Phalanges

  E) Middle Phalanx

  F) Distal Phalanx