COMP 1

• Role of NAD : NAD Is reduced during the kerbs cycle , NAD transports hydrogen atoms in the electron transport chain , electrons released in the ETC provide energy for proton pumps , this creates an electrochemical gradient which allows for ADP + pi = ATP
• ATP leaky membranes : inner mitochondrial membranes are more permeable this creates less of a proton gradient , less protons flow into ATP synthetase meaning less ATP is produced via ATP synthetase and energy is then realised i the for of heat
• photosynthesis : disruption caused by an inhibitor : reduced NADP is not produced , inhibitor then reduces rate of ATP pro duct ion , meaning GP is not reduced to TP , therefore rubilose bisphosphate is not produced , therefore Calvin cycle can no longer occur and therefore no glucose is made for respiration and therefore the pant dies
• energy flow : how energy is lost : energy lost by animals via respiration and excretion , energy lost by plants due to not all wavelengths of light being absorbed some are reflected
• GPP- energy from the sun converted into Energy in organic molecules Via photosynthesis
• NPP - plants breakdown sugars by respiration
• efficiency of transfer : cellulose and lignin are not easy t digest compared to proteins and fats which are easier to digest , enrgy is lost due to the presence of feathers and bones , not 100% of the pant is eaten due to the roots remaining in most cases
• microbiology inaccuracies : if dilution is too large there will be a few colonies on each plate for the count to be statistically sound
• microbiology inaccuracies : if dilution is insufficient colonies merge and clump together the count will therefore be statistically insufficient
• ATP : Chemiosmosis : chemisosmosis occurs in the mitochondrial matrix and thylakoid membranes , it describes the flow of H+ Atoms down an electrochemical gradient via. ATP synthetase via stalked particles which allows ADP + pi = ATP
• population size and ecosystems : quadrats , sampling and transect : ensure same area each 10m x 10m quadrats , use simple random sampling , reveiw periodically and measure the % abundance or % cover
• Respiration coenzymes : coenzymes NAD and FAD transport hydrogen atoms and when they gain hydrogen atoms they are therefore reduced when they lose hydrogen atoms they are oxidised
• Respiraton : ATP yield : some leaky membranes can cause protons to move out and therefore these protons do not move into ATP synthetase, some ATP is used to actively transport pyruvate , some ATP is used in substrate phosphorylation in glycolysis
• Respiration : what occurs if there is no oxygen : as oxygen is the final electron pair acceptor , the kerbs cycle and the ETC will therefore no longer continue as there is no oxygen to accept electrons , this means that NAD and FAD cannot be ejected as a result
• photosynthesis spectrums : absorption spectrum describes how much light is absorbed by a pigment at different wavelengths , the action spectrum describes in the form of a graph shows the rate of photosynthesis at different wavelengths of light , both together can show the wavelength of light by a pigment and what is actually used in photosynthesis
• respiration : alternative respiratory substrates : lipids are hydrolysed by lipase into fatty acids and glycerol is converted into the 3C compound triode phosphate and enters via glycolysis , protein are hydrolysed into amino acids which are delaminated in the liver forming urea and Pyruvate
• Density dependant factors - food availability , nesting sites and disease
• In respiration energy is used to make ATP and if not it is released as Heat
• Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm
• Glycolysis - in 1 turn makes 2 ATPS , 2 reduced NADs Link reaction - in 1 turn makes 1 reduced NAD , releases CO2 , coenzyme A and makes acetyl coenzyme A. krebs cycle - in 1 turn makes 1 ATP , 3 reduced NAD and 1 FAD , 2 CO2 , electron transport chain - 34 ATPS , 10 reduced NAD and 2 Reduced FAD

  
• Kerbs cycle - acetate = 4c acid , 6c acid , 5c acid and then 4c acid again
• In the electron transport chain energy from electrons fuel the proton pumps
• Anaerobic respiration - no oxidative phosphorylation, no ATP formed , only glycolysis occurs so therefore produced less ATP
• Animal anaerobic respiration - glucose , pyruvate , ATP hydrolysis ,NAD reduced , lactate is produced ,
• yeast cells and plants in anaerobic respiration produce - ethanol , ATP hydrolysis occurs , Nad reduction occurs and decRbocylation occurs
• NPP = GPP - Respiration
• Primary Succession - the changing of species composition over time to A place that has previously not been colonised
• In a climax community there is no further change there is dynamic equilibrium and a high nutrient content in soils , high biodiversity , complex food web
• nitrification - nitrosomonas converts ammonium into nitrites and nitrobacter converts nitrites into nitrates
• eutrophication - nitrates from fertilisers are added to streams and rivers this causes algal blooms , and light is unable to penetrate deep down water m plants below will have a decrease in photosynthesis , these plants and fish die , due to lack of oxygen , perfect conditions for denitrifying bacteria , increases rates of decomposition which releases Co2 and increases ocean acidification
• Biodiversity boundary - crossed climate change boundary - crossed nitrogen boundary - crossed fresh-water boundary - avoidable ocean acidification boundary - avoidable ozone boundary - has been avoided
• Ways to regulate fishing - mesh sizes are large enough for smaller fish to survive and swim , Quotas can be set on how much fish is caught and fish farming may reduce overfishing
• Ways to conserve - nature reserves and SSSI , legislations , breeding programmes , sperm And seed banks
• Factors to consider when undergoing reintroduction of a species - whether the habitat is suitable for that species , you must consult with landowners
• Planetary boundary - provides a safe operating level for human activity over a threshold global processes are not stable
• Deforestation can reduce CO2 uptake , burning trees increased CO2 concentration , decay of tree material increase rates of CO2 concentration
• The photolysis of water replaces electrons lost and provides oxygen and hydrogen electrons , photons of light excite electrons and allows for ADP + pi > ATP . NADP Is therefore reduced to give NADPH
• If there is more oxygen there is more air so allows for something to be more buoyant
• Total viable count - the total living count of bacterial colonies in a known volume
• logarithms are used to count bacteria as bacterial numbers are too large and it makes the numbers easier to plot