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A-Level Philosophy AQA
Epistemology
Limits of Knowledge
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Cards (35)
Criticism of reliabilism
The argument that reliabilism fails to adequately account for the relationship between
beliefs
and
justifications
Reliability
of
beliefs
The
extent
to which beliefs are produced by a
reliable
process
and
considered
knowledge
Reliable belief
A belief produced by a
reliable
process
and
considered
knowledge
Berkeley's response to doubt
The
idealist
view that reality is dependent on our
perceptions
and that we have
secure knowledge
because we are
directly aware
of it
Russell's
response to doubt
The belief that the
existence
of a
physical world
is the best
explanation
for the
regularity
and
predictability
of our
sense experiences
Locke's response to doubt
The belief that while skepticism may be possible at a
theoretical
level,
it
is
not
practical
and we can have
well-founded
opinions about the world
Indubitable
Unable
to be
doubted
or
questioned
Infallibilism
The belief that knowledge requires
absolute certainty
and
justification
Brain in a vat scenarios
Thought experiments
raising
doubts
about the
reliability
of our
perceptions
and the
existence
of an
external world
External justification
Justification based on
evidence
or
reasoning
independent
of personal experiences
Internal
justification
Justification based on
personal experiences
or
introspection
Justification
Reasons
or
evidence
that support a
belief
or
claim
Cogito
The Latin phrase
'I think
,
therefore I am'
, used by
Descartes
as a
starting point
for
establishing certain knowledge
Reliable process
A
method
or
mechanism
that
consistently
produces
accurate
or
valid
results
Gap between
perception
and
reality
The
difference
or
disconnect
between how we
perceive
the
world
and how it
actually
is
Idealist
view of
perception
The belief that
reality
is
dependent
on our
perceptions
and does not exist
independently
Material world
The
physical
reality that exists
independently
of our
perceptions
Abduction
An
inference
to the best
explanation
Reliabilism
A theory of
knowledge
defining
knowledge
as
reliably
produced
true belief
Brain
in a
vat
A thought experiment suggesting that one's
experiences
and
perceptions
could be generated by an
external
source, such as a
computer simulation
Perceptual error
Mistaken perception
or
misinterpretation
of
sensory information
Waves of doubt
Successive
stages of doubt employed by
Descartes
to
challenge
and
rebuild
his system of
belief
Method of doubt
A
systematic
approach of
suspending
judgment and
doubting
all previously held
beliefs
Descartes' Meditations
A
philosophical work
by
René
Descartes
exploring
skepticism
and attempting to establish certain knowledge
Fundamental beliefs
Core
principles
or
convictions
that shape one's
worldview
Practicalities of life
Everyday
concerns
and
considerations
Physical objects
Tangible items that exist in the physical world
Theoretical skepticism
Doubt
used as a
tool
to test the
strength
of
knowledge claims
Global conspiracy of misinformation
A widespread and coordinated effort to spread false or misleading information
Evidence
Facts
or
information
that
support
or
refute
a
claim
Thoughts
or
feelings
Mental processes
or
emotions
Normal incredulity
Doubt
based on
evidence
and
reason
in
ordinary
life
Philosophical
skepticism
Extreme doubt
about things that are
difficult
or
impossible
to
doubt
in
ordinary life
Skepticism
The questioning or doubting of knowledge claims
Limits of knowledge
The boundaries of what can be known or understood