L1

• Light Microscope: wide range of magnification, needs visible light source, samples (alive/fixed, transparent/sectioned/stained)
• Fluorescent microscope: two sets of filters for excitation and emission of wavelength, needs visible to UV light, samples (alive/fixed, fluorescent proteins or dyes)
• Excitation energy is always higher, so blue light is the highest energy
• Confocal fluorescent microscope: scans small sections with laser beams, creates sharper images
• Transmission electron microscope: uses electrons instead of light, thin specimens that need to be coated with a layer of dense heavy metal, electrons are locally absorbed or scattered and brought into focus by magnetic coils
• Scanning Electron microscope: likes TEM, but better for 3D objects
• Central Dogma: DNA gets replicated and transcribed into RNA, which is translated into proteins
• Three domains of life: bacteria, archaea, eukaryotes
• Two types of cells: prokaryotes and eukaryotes
• Nucleus: control of cellular activity through regulation of gene expression
• Mitochondria: generation of ATP via oxidative phosphorylation, double membrane, endosymbiotic hypothesis
• Endoplasmic reticulum:

  • Smooth ER: lipid and steroid hormone synthesis, detox, storage of Calcium ions
  • Rough ER: protein synthesis, translocation, folding, glycosylation, antigen processing
• Golgi apparatus: protein modification through glycosylation, completion of glycolipids and sphingomyelin synthesis
• Endosomes: sorting of protein between endocytic and exoctytic traffic, sorting of receptors and ligands
• Lysosomes: degradation, turnover of organelles (autophagy) and antigen processing
• Peroxisomes: synthesis and degradation of hydrogen peroxide, oxidation of fatty acids, photorespiration in plants
• Cytoskeleton: makes the cell structure and allow for movement; microtubules and actin filaments
• Cytoplasm: cellular content with the plasma membrane and outside of the nucleus in euk.
• Cytosol: content of the cytoplasm, excluding the membrane bound organelles
• Plasma membrane: serves as a barrier, provides structure, controls transport, important for cell signaling and recognition (the proteins )
• Nucleolus: ribosomal assembly
• Centrioles: microtubules that are involved in cell division and spindle formation, flagellum, and cilium formation; only in animal cells
• Only in plant cells: chloroplast and cell walls
• Chloroplast: site for photosynthesis