cell structure and function

• The outer membrane of the mitochondria is smooth and the inner membrane is highly convoluted, forming folds called Cristae.
• The mitochondria has a double membrane.
• Vacuoles are membrane-bound sacs found in eukaryotic cells, ranging from storage of water and other macromolecules to releasing waste from a cell.
• Golgi complex is involved in the correct folding and chemical modifications of newly synthesized proteins and packaging for protein trafficking.
• Chloroplast is found in eukaryotic cells, it has a double outer membrane and is specialized for capturing the energy from the Sun and producing sugar for the organism.
• Lysosomes are membrane-enclosed sacs found in some eukaryotic cells that contain hydrolytic enzymes.
• Hydrolytic enzymes can be used for digesting a variety of materials such as damaged cell parts or macromolecules.
• Mitochondria functions in the production of ATP energy that eukaryotic cells can use for cell work.
• All living cells contain a genome and ribosomes.
• Ribosomes synthesize proteins according to the mRNA sequence and the instructions that are encoded in the mRNA sequence originate from the genome of the cell.
• Ribosomes consist of two subunits that are not membrane-enclosed: rRNA and proteins.
• The endoplasmic reticulum is a network of membrane tubes within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.
• The rough endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes attached to its membrane, compartmentalizes the cell, and is associated with packaging the newly synthesized proteins made by attached ribosomes for a possible export from the cell.
• The smooth endoplasmic reticulum does not have attached ribosomes and its functions include detoxification and lipid synthesis.
• The Golgi complex is a series of flattened membrane bound sacs in eukaryotic cells.
• Chloroplast is specialized for photosynthesis and capturing energy from the Sun to produce sugar.
• Thylakoids are highly folded membrane compartments that are organized in Stacks called Grana.
• The membranes of thylakoids contain chlorophyll pigments that comprise the photosynthesis and light dependent reactions.
• Folding of these internal membranes increases the efficiency of these reactions.
• The stroma is a distinct component of chloroplast it is the fluid between the inner chloroplast membranes and outside the thylakoids carbon fixation reactions occur here.
• The mitochondria's double membrane provides compartments for different metabolic reactions.
• Mitochondria capture energy from macromolecules.
• The Krebs cycle reactions occur in the Matrix of the mitochondria.
• Electron transport and ATP synthesis occur in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
• Folding of the inner membrane in the mitochondria increases the surface area which allows for more ATP to be made.
• Vacuoles play a variety of roles including storage and release of water macromolecules and cellular waste products.
• Plants vacuoles aid in retention of water for turgor pressure.
• turgor pressure is an internal cellular force usually caused by water pushing up against the plasma membrane and cell wall.
• Lysosomes contain hydrolytic enzymes and can contribute to cell function in the following ways: intracellular digestion, recycling of organic materials, and programmed cell death, apoptosis.
• Endoplasmic reticulum provides mechanical support and plays a role in intracellular transport.
• Rough ER carries out protein synthesis on ribosomes that are bound to its membranes.
• Chloroplast and mitochondria are structural features of eukaryotic cells that allow organisms to capture, store, and use energy.
• The folding of the inner membrane in both these structures increases the surface area which allows for more ATP to be synthesized.
• Smaller cells typically have a higher surface area to volume ratio and more efficient exchange of materials with the environment.
• As cells increase in volume, the relative surface area decreases, making it difficult for larger cells to meet the demand for internal resources and remove waste efficiently.
• The surface area of the plasma membrane must be large enough to adequately exchange materials.
• As cells increase in volume, the relative surface area decreases, increasing the demand for internal resources and making more complex structures necessary to adequately exchange materials with the environment.
• Root hair cells on the surface of plant roots increase the surface area of the root, allowing for increased absorption of water.
• Drilling of the small intestines is highly folded containing finger-like projections called villi, each with additional microscopic projections called microvilli, which further increases the surface area available for absorption of nutrients.
• As organisms increase in size, the surface area to volume ratio decreases, affecting properties like rate of heat exchange with the environment.