respiration

• The nasal cavity warms, moistens and filters air that is breathed in.
• Yeast also produces other substances like LACTIC ACID and ALCOHOL.
• Yeast only produces CARBON DIOXIDE.
• The trachea is the main tube that carries air in and out of the body, held open by rings of cartilage (WINDPIPE).
• The bronchi divide into bronchioles, narrower tubes which lead to the lungs.
• The lungs are the large organs which contain the gas exchange surface, in the form of million of alveoli.
• The diaphragm is a sheet of muscle across the bottom of the ribcage which is involved in breathing in and out.
• The ribs provide protection and attachment of intercostal muscles.
• The intercostal muscles contract and relax to breathe in and out.
• The pleural membranes enclose the pleural fluid and reduce friction between lungs and inside of chest wall.
• The pleural fluid helps reduce friction between pleural membranes so they can slide over each other during breathing.
• Gas exchange surfaces, such as alveoli, have adaptations including a large surface area, thin walls, moisture, permeability, good blood supply, and a diffusion gradient.
• Breathing is the physical process of inhaling and exhaling.
• Inhaling involves the contraction of intercostal muscles so the ribcage moves up and out, the contraction of the diaphragm, and an increase in the volume inside the thorax (chest).
• Exhaling involves the relaxation of intercostal muscles so the ribcage moves down and in, the relaxation of the diaphragm, and a decrease in the volume inside the thorax (chest).
• A lung model can be set up by inflating balloons similar to the diaphragm when it contracts and flattens.
• When exercising, cells need more oxygen and produce more carbon dioxide as a result of increased respiration.
• The substances produced by aerobic respiration, carbon dioxide and water, are released and taken to the lungs through the blood stream to then be breathed out.
• The RIBS and INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES are not represented in the lung model.
• In the lung model, the rubber sheet is flat and pulled down representing inhalation, while the diaphragm is dome-shaped and flattens during inhalation.
• When blood reaches the lungs, a larger volume of air is needed to replace the oxygen used and remove the carbon dioxide produced by this extra respiration.
• The body increases the rate and depth of breathing when exercising to supply more oxygen to the exercising cells.
• The time taken for the breathing rate to return to normal after exercise is known as the recovery time, which can be used as a measure of fitness.
• Respiration continuously releases energy provided by carbohydrates which is used by organisms for movement, growth, heat, reproduction and active transport.
• In the root hair cell of plants, particles move against the concentration gradient during active transport.
• Energy is made during respiration.
• The space between the lungs and wall of the thorax is very small but the model shows a large space between the balloons and glass jar.
• When the RUBBER SHEET is pulled up and BALLOONS deflate, it is similar to how the DIAPHRAGM relaxes and bulges upwards as the LUNGS deflate when you exhale.
• Respiration is an exothermic reaction, releasing energy.
• Respiration takes place in every cell in both plants and animals, specifically in the mitochondria of the cell.
• Active transport is the process by which dissolved molecules move across a cell membrane from a lower to a high concentration.
• Cells require more energy during exercise.
• Nasal cavity warms, moistens and filters air that is breathed in.
• Trachea is the main tube that carries air in and out of the body, held open by rings of cartilage known as WINDPIPE.
• Pleural fluid helps reduce friction between pleural membranes so they can slide over each other during breathing.
• Pleural membranes enclose the pleural fluid and reduce friction between lungs and inside of chest wall.
• Intercostal muscles contract and relax to breathe in and out.
• Bronchus is the trachea that divides into left and right bronchus, taking air to the left and right lung.
• The diaphragm is a sheet of muscle across the bottom of the ribcage which is involved in breathing in and out.
• Alveoli are the gas exchange surface of humans.