Global Development Studies

• The World Bank is an international financial institution that provides loans to developing countries.
• the Non-Alignment Movement (NAM) brought political unity to countries considered third-world during the Cold War
• least developed countries (ldcs) are countries with the lowest income per capita eligible for special support
• Newly indutrialized countries (nics) were formerly considered part of the developing world (hong kong, south korea, singapore, taiwan)
• Emerging economies are countries perceived as potential target markets by leaders of global enterprises
• Gross domestic product (GDP) measures the value of goods and services produced in a national economy
• Distribution of income (income inequality) is a measure of how wealth is distributed among the population of a country
• The Gini coefficient is a measure of inequality in a country, the higher the number the more unequal the country is
• Social capitol is how much people are willing to work towards shared goals
• Dudley Seers came up with the 6 conditions necessary for development:

  • Enough income for basic survival
  • Employment
  • Better distribution of income
  • Education
  • Political participation
  • National autonomy
• Denis Goulet said development should promote:

  • Life sustenance 
  • Self esteem
  • Freedom
• Absolute poverty is when someone is below the minimum level of income required for survival
• Moderate poverty is when basic human needs are barely met but survivable
• Relative poverty doesn't threaten survival but the individual doesn't have enough money to participate in their society
• National economic product measures the

  volume of monetized activity
• Etzioni: good personal relationships, intellectual/spiritual life, social participation
• Manfred Max-Neef's model of human needs: having, being, doing, interacting
• Natural law ethics derives ethical principles from human nature and human condition
• utilitarianism is emphasizing calculating costs and benefits, often in monetary terms
• social contract theory is a universal agreement of social norms
• Universal Declaration of Human Rights prioritizes elements of the good life
• denis goulet analyzed the "cruel choice", Peter berger explores the associated "calculus of meaning"
• Development ethics thinking and action can be seen as having three aspects: first, observation, experience, and

  exposure; second, conceptualizing, analyzing, and theorizing; third, attempted application, adaptation, and new

  learning
• our exposure to other peoples lives tends to be second-hand through media which gives us more insight to the way others live than we would have if we directly viewed it firsthand
• systematizing ideas begins with an "identify and describe" phase
• Charles Booth mapped living conditions

  in London by investigating various areas of people’s lives
• One of the first scholars to consider the concept

  of relative poverty was Peter Townsend
• Monetary approaches focus on the availability of monetary resources as the main indicator of living

  standards, while multi-dimensional approaches take into account a broader spectrum of living conditions
• monetary poverty measurement is an indirect approach (focused on a means to an end), multi-dimensional poverty measurement is a direct approach (focused on end results)
• the welfare measure measures an individuals welfare and disposable income (not the most accurate measure of poverty)
• An absolute poverty line is usually based on the costs of a minimum consumption basket
• The Foster-Greer-Thorbecke (fgt) poverty measures distinguish three types of measures that each provides different information about poverty: (1) the headcount index, (2) the poverty gap index, and (3) the poverty

  severity index
• poverty headcount index indicates what proportion of the population lives in poverty: number of people living below the poverty line dived by the total population
• poverty gap index provides insight into how deep poverty is: (overall poverty gap/poverty line)/total population
• Poverty severity index provide insights into the intensity of poverty by considering the income shortfalls of the poorest individuals, offering a measure of the overall welfare loss in a population: (individual poverty gap^2/poverty line)/total population
• mpi is distinct from the hdi because it captures information at the

  household level rather than the national level
• Inequality of outcome refers to

  how wealth or well-being is distributed across a population
• Income shares : assess the population of total income received by different segments of a population through dividing a population into fifths (quintiles) or tenths (deciles), revealing disparities in income distribution
• outcome measures: Gini coefficient, income deciles, poverty rates
• Inequality in opportunity can relate to two things: differences in social treatment or discrimination and differences in conditions in family background and resources