MCN LEC MIDTERMS

• Resuscitation usually involves intubation to establish and maintain an airway and expand the lungs to initiate and maintain effective ventilation.
• If respiratory depression is due to maternal use of narcotics (morphine or meperidine), administer narcotic antagonist such as Naloxone (Narcan).
• Retractions are inward sucking of the anterior chest wall on inspiration (inhalation).
• A newborn with difficulty maintaining respirations should be placed under an infant warmer & have the weight of clothing removed from the chest to prevent acidosis.
• Kangaroo Care is the use of skin-to-skin contact to maintain body heat.
• IVF is given to prevent exhaustion from an infant who had severe asphyxia at birth that cannot suck food properly or until Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC) has been ruled out.
• If tachypneic and NEC, gavage feeding is recommended and should be given a pacifier at feeding times.
• The Colorado Infant Growth Chart is used to plot the birth weight.
• Term infants are born after the beginning of week 38 and before week 42 (usually 37 weeks considered term).
• Preterm infants are born less than the 37th week.
• Postterm infants are born after the onset of week 43.
• An appropriate for gestational age is an infant whose birth weights fall between the 10th and 90th percentiles of weight for their age regardless of gestational age.
• Small for gestational age is an infant who falls below the 10th percentile.
• Large for gestational age or macrosomia is an infant who falls above the 90th percentile in weight.
• Low birth weight infants are infants weighing <2,500 g.
• Very low birth weight infants are infants weighing 1,000 to 1,500 g.
• Extremely-very low birthweight infants are those weighing from 500 to 1,000 g.
• Incest is a type of sexual abuse that involves family members.
• Juvenile Arthritis primarily involves the joints of the body, although it also affects blood vessels and other connective tissues.
• Acute Myeloid Leukemia involves the over proliferation of granulocytes (neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils).
• Psychological/Emotional Abuse is when a child is made to feel unintelligent or inadequate.
• Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia is a type of cancer in which the bone marrow makes too many lymphocytes.
• Leukemia is the distorted and uncontrolled proliferation of white blood cells, and it is the most frequently occurring type of cancer in children.
• Wilm's Tumor or Nephroblastoma is a malignant cancer of the kidney, usually unilateral and encapsulated at the time of diagnosis.
• Rheumatic Fever is a systemic inflammatory disease that involves the heart and joints, and CNS and connective tissues may also be involved.
• Asthma is caused by inflammation and muscle tightening around airways, which make it harder to breathe.
• Cerebral Palsy is a group of non-progressive disorders of upper motor neuron impairment that result in motor dysfunction.
• The three major behaviors of ADHD are Inattention, Impulsiveness, and Hyperactivity.
• Status Asthmaticus occurs when children fail to respond to medication during an attack, an extreme emergency because a child may die of heart failure due to a combination of exhaustion, atelectasis, and acidosis from bronchial plugging.
• Symptoms of Cerebral Palsy include hypertonic muscles, abnormal clonus, exaggeration of deep reflexes, and continuation of neonatal reflexes like tonic neck reflex.
• Bacterial Meningitis is an infection of the cerebral meninges, most frequent cause is Streptococcus pneumoniae or group B Streptococcus.
• Sexual Abuse is any sexual contact between a child and adult, including molestation, which is a vague term that includes indecent liberties such as oral genital contact, genital fondling, and masturbation.
• Prevention of child abuse includes physical abuse, where a child is beaten or burned, and neglect, where a child is not fed, clothed, supervised properly, or offered medical care or educational opportunities.
• Diabetes Mellitus is a metabolic disease, involving inappropriately elevated blood glucose level, malfunction of carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism.
• Febrile Seizures are seizures associated with high fever (102 to 104 F), most common in children.
• Management for ADHD includes medications such as methylphenidate hydrochloride (Ritalin, Concerta) to stimulate dopamine receptors to achieve a more regular nerve transmission.
• Prevention of falls includes placing gates at the top and bottom of stairs, not allowing children to walk or run with sharp objects in hand or the mouth, and raising crib rails and checking to make sure they are locked before walking away from the crib.
• Chronic Otitis Media is a stage of ear disease in which there is an on-going chronic infection of the middle ear without an intact tympanic membrane.
• Prevention of burns includes buying flame retardant clothing, cooking on back burners of stove, using a cool mist vaporizer rather than steam vaporizer, and keeping a screen in front of fireplace or heater.
• Prevention of aspiration includes examining toys for small parts that can be aspirated, removing toys that can be dangerous, and not feeding toddlers popcorn, peanuts, honey, etc.